MauledAgain

One of the stories that I have been following during the past year is a proposal to revamp Philadelphia’s business taxes, phasing out the net income component of the business privilege tax, and simultaneously increasing the gross receipts component. I explored the proposal in Don’t Like This Tax? How About That Tax?, in Better to Tax Gross Receipts, Net Income, or a Combination, and in Yet More Reasons to Prefer User Fees. I explained how the tax would disadvantage taxpayers with relatively high gross receipts that generate relatively low incomes.

Now comes news that the City Council hearing on the proposal has been postponed indefinitely. According to this Philadelphia Inquirer story, the proponents of the change have agreed to sit down with the mayor and other members of City Council to work out changes that are acceptable to the administration and city council. One hopes they also will be acceptable and fair to taxpayers. The involved parties appear to agree that the first $100,000 of gross receipts should be exempt, and that existing provisions permitting out-of-city businesses that do business in Philadelphia to avoid the tax should be repealed. Under existing law, the gross receipts portion of the business privilege tax will disappear by 2022, and the tax will become, in effect, a 6 percent net income tax that replaces the existing 6.45 percent net income component.

There is general agreement that something needs to be done about a city tax that is too easily avoided by those with access to high-end tax advice. There is general agreement that the tax as currently shaped is a detriment to entrepreneurs conducting very small businesses or simply collecting revenue such as minimal blog advertising dollars, as I explained in A Tax on Blog Writing or on Blog Business?, with follow-ups in Taxes and Parties, in What If They Gave a Tax Party and No One . . ., and in And So Now Philadelphia Listens?. It ought not be difficult to construct a business tax that adequately compensates the city for the services it provides, that provides funding to pay for the costs imposed on public resources by business conducted in the city, that is not avoidable through accounting tricks, that is fair and reflects the taxpayer’s ability to pay as measured by net income, and that is easily administered. The authors of the original proposal, the mayor, and the other members of the administration and City Council who have opted to sit down and work this out are to be commended for avoiding the sort of partisan bickering that lets good tax policy get buried by political considerations and for including everyone in the process who should be involved in it.

Surely there will be more news on this matter in the weeks ahead. And that means there will be more MauledAgain blog posts on the topic.

One of the items in the so-called 2010 tax compromise is a provision allowing businesses to deduct the full amount of expenditures made for equipment and similar items. This expansion of section 168(k) bonus depreciation is touted as yet another essential piece to putting the economy back on track, which is pretty much the equivalent of asserting police departments would be improved if they hired and gave guns and badges to convicted felons. This approach hasn’t worked in the past, and it won’t work now. It’s yet another unnecessary concession to those holding lower-income and middle-income citizens hostage.

What does this sort of deduction do? It does nothing for the small business entrepreneur who lacks cash or borrowing capacity to make the purchases. It compels the American taxpayer to foot the bill for the equipment purchases that businesses would have made in any event. It has little effect in terms of marginality. It also fails in other ways.

Almost two years ago, in Just Because It Didn’t Work the First 50 Times Doesn’t Mean It Will Work Next Time, I explained why reviving section 168(k) bonus depreciation and making section 179 first-year expensing more generous doesn’t do much of anything to help restore vitality to the American economy. I wrote:

Does it make sense to increase deductions for acquisitions of equipment? How does that restore confidence in the economy, which is essential to putting the nation back on track. How does a tax provision that encourages businesses to use their limited funds to buy machinery put people in this country back to work? Nothing in the provision requires that the property be built in the United States, and it's almost certain that such a requirement would violate at least a few trade agreements and treaties. What's the point of enacting tax breaks that create jobs in other nations? Dollar-for-dollar, a tax break for creating jobs directly is worth much more than a tax break for purchasing equipment.

Three months ago, in If At First It Doesn’t Work, Try, Try, Try Again, I criticized the Administration proposal to permit taxpayers to deduct the full cost of asset acquisitions made in 2011. I noted:

Such is the life of one of the business world’s favorite tax breaks. Entrepreneurs salivate at the idea of getting a deduction for making an investment. The idea of getting a tax break for swapping cash for equipment of equal value is the sort of thing that makes lower-income taxpayers roil, because they don’t have the opportunity to get, in effect, cash flow from the government in the form of lower taxes by swapping cash for equipment of equal value.

I then asked:

The previous incarnation of section 168(k) “bonus depreciation” as well as continual expansion of section 179 expensing have been consistently hailed as solutions to the nation’s economic woes of the moment. Yet no evidence exists that these tax giveaways have had the claimed effect. Why is it, for example, that during 2008 and 2009, while businesses basked in the benefit of 50-percent bonus depreciation, the economy got worse, not better? Where are all the jobs whose creation was promised when the proposal for the 2008 and 2009 tax break was being trumpeted as the answer? Where is the economic recovery that supposedly was an inescapable consequence of enacting those tax breaks? Similar questions can be asked about the long parade of tax breaks for business investments during the past 50 years. Though the economy doesn’t benefit, though economic fundamentals do not improve, though joblessness doesn’t abate, something fuels the repetitive re-enactment of this bundle of tax breaks. Could it be that it’s good for business? Could it be that what’s good for business isn’t necessarily good for those in need, especially if the funds generated by the tax break go the same way as the excess cash that businesses have been accumulating during the past year and a half, namely, somewhere other than the economy?

If someone does want to buy into the notion that these sorts of tax breaks are good for the economy – and I have my doubts, as I explained in Tax Incentives Can Do Only So Much -- then the tax break ought to be designed to reward those who do something to help the economy over and above what they’ve been doing.

Thus, would it not make sense to limit section 168(k) bonus depreciation and expanded section 179 first-year expensing to a deduction based on the excess of the taxpayer’s 2011 business equipment expenditures over the average of the taxpayer’s business equipment expenditures for 2008 through 2010? Would that not be most beneficial to the businesses that need encouragement, namely, the start-up operations that have a zero or very low average expenditure for 2008 through 2010? Would that not prevent taxpayer subsidization of a company’s routine purchases that are not injecting additional growth into the economy? Ought not there be a requirement that the equipment not qualify for the deduction unless it is manufactured in the United States? Otherwise, allowing a deduction for purchasing equipment made in some other country creates jobs in that country. Strangely, if the equipment is manufactured in the United States but put in service overseas, the cost does not qualify for the deduction. Does this not seem a bit backwards?

The problem is that these provisions are not being written after careful analysis of the economy, its problems, the causes, and the appropriate remedies. They are being written by lobbyists whose goals are not necessarily consistent with the best interests of America and its economy or Americans and their finances, but that are instead aligned with the goals of those with resources sufficient to hire lobbyists to champion tax reductions for those most capable but least willing to pay taxes. It is even more offensive when the provision in question is one that has been repeatedly enacted with promises of job growth and economic expansion but that has repeatedly delivered nothing aside from continued job losses and economic flat-lining. When compromise becomes surrender, the losers don’t win.

The negotiations over the tax cut extension legislation manifest many of the same flaws that show up in everyday negotiations, and lack many of the attributes found in negotiations between and among serious professionals skilled in working out the terms of a contract.

Consider the primary negotiating stance of the tax-cut-extension advocates. Their position is that retention of the Bush tax cuts will create jobs. Considering that jobs are not created by the poor and middle class, in effect, the negotiating position amounts to a promise that if the wealthy are given tax cut extensions, they will create jobs. There are two major flaws in how this position has been valued by those opposed to extending the tax cuts for the wealthy. First, they fail to consider prior history. This isn’t the first time the “give us more tax breaks and we’ll create jobs/boost the economy/do nice things” promise has been made. And in every instance, at best the nation received a momentary glimmer of compliance. In some instances, the promise was ditched as soon as the legislation was signed. Second, they fail to give themselves protective leverage. What’s wrong with offering, instead, a deal that says, “Give us jobs, and then we’ll give you a tax break.” The tax-cut-extension advocates don’t like that sort of arrangement. Why? It compels them to put their money where their mouths are, so to speak. Yet that is how competent business entrepreneurs, savvy agents for athletes and other service-providers, and professional negotiators attain workable contracts.

The sort of deal-making underway in Washington resembles, not the approach of professional negotiators and seasoned business entrepreneurs, but the false promises of advantage seekers who populate not only every segment of the business world but a substantial part of personal life. Consumer complaints are replete with tales of vanishing businesses, warnings are issued regularly about the risks of dealing with fly-by-night home improvement companies and individuals, and it took the enactment of lemon laws to compel auto manufacturers to honor their contracts. Tales of woe sent to advice columnists are packed with familiar strains of the “he respected me in the morning .. not” song and the crushed hopes of those who believed what the other person said.

Surely a majority of Congress, no matter party affiliation, would agree to an arrangement that rewarded activities that benefit the economy by pushing it past where it now stands. Surely they, and their constituents, understand that the deduction for compensation paid is a tax shelter. If it takes some sort of additional enticement, such as a credit, there are good arguments for providing one. Compare how the tax law generally functions as a mechanism of inducement, which is what the tax-cut-extension advocates are using as their core argument. The tax law, for example, tells people that if they make certain energy-saving improvements to their residences, they will receive a tax credit. The Congress did not take the approach of handing money to people with the hope that they would make energy-saving improvements.

Years ago, the phrase “show me the money” entered into the vernacular. Perhaps it’s time to say, “show us the jobs.” Show us the jobs, the nation will reply in gratitude with a tax break. No jobs, no tax breaks. That’s how tax law inducement provisions work. The “no tax breaks, no jobs” threat is nothing more than bully posturing of the worst sort. There’s a reason the tax-cut-extension advocates don’t like the “show us the jobs, then get the tax break” approach. They know that they’ve created few jobs, particularly enduring jobs, in response to previous tax cuts, and that the nation will not see any sort of job surge with an extension of the tax cuts.

Despite warning after warning, people continue to hand over cash to home improvement con artists, and to engage in behavior they later come to regret when and because they discover they’ve been duped. Perhaps that explains why America continues to listen to, and even cave into, the siren songs of the pied pipers of tax cut grabbing. Yet, just as there are people who hold firm in negotiating contracts and perform due diligence before signing a contract, there are people in this nation who know how to hang tough in working out tax legislation and how to check out the facts before agreeing to a deal. It’s time for those folks to bombard their legislators in Washington with one simple message: Stop Being Duped – Hold Out for Job Creation Before Dishing Out Tax Breaks. I wonder if the Congress has enough of what it takes to save itself and the nation from the con artists and fly-by-night money grabbers. I have serious doubts.

Compromises often are defended as beneficial because both sides to a disagreement surrender something or some things, and both sides get something or some things. But there are times when compromise is a mistake. A person who offers to drive under the influence only half the number of times they drove under the influence during the preceding year is not putting on the table a compromise that deserves support. The same can be said of the caving-in of the President to what he termed the hostage-taking of the middle class by the agents and representatives of the wealthy.

An examination of each of the major provisions of the compromise demonstrates why the nation will lose, in the long run. It will lose, and lose badly.

1. Extending tax cuts for people making more than $250,000. This provision does nothing to help America with its problems. These tax cuts did not create jobs, and despite the hucksterism of its proponents, it will not create jobs. Maintaining the status quo with respect to the tax liabilities of the wealthy will maintain the status quo with respect to jobs. In short, job losses will continue, and high unemployment will continue. At best, the job situation will stagnate. At worst, it will get worse. If the job creators want a cut in their tax liabilities, they need to do what I’ve been advising them to do for quite some time. Hire people, take the compensation deduction, thereby reduce taxable income, and watch tax liability go down. It’s that simple. Corporations and wealthy individuals are awash in cash, but they’re not creating jobs. Nor will they create jobs as their cash hoards grow from continued tax breaks. I explained this, for example, in Job Creation and Tax Reductions. The promise of jobs is an empty promise. By the time America realizes this, it will be too late.

2. Extending tax cuts for people making less than $250,000. This provision might help. People on the lower end of the income ladder, if faced with expired tax cuts, would need to cut back on spending, because they don’t have cash stored up in offshore tax havens and Swiss bank accounts into which they can dip to make ends meet. If the 97 percent of Americans making less than $250,000 had to cut spending, that ultimately would cost jobs. The point is, the 97 percent used their tax cuts to stimulate the economy. As noted in Absurd Tax Quote of the Century, the top 3 percent did not recycle their tax cuts into job-creating activities and investments. Had they done so, the economy would not be afflicted with the job losses eroding the economic health of the country.

3. Estate tax modification. Simply tinkering with rates and exemption amounts won’t do much, because it’s too easy for the wealthy to avoid the estate tax. What escapes attention is the amount of wealth that bypasses the estate tax, making the estate tax rate irrelevant and the exemption amount fairly meaningless. Though the provision raises revenue compared to the 2010 year of no estate tax, it loses revenue compared to the situation before the unwise tax cuts of a decade ago were implemented.

4. Cutting the employee FICA rate. This may be the most dangerous provision in the compromise. Ultimately, it worsens the financial health of the social security system. It dumps even more financial burdens on younger generations. Advertised as beneficial for people at the lower end of the income ladder, the roughly $2,000 tax reduction will be available to all wage earners, including those whose salaries are in the millions and tens of millions. Do those people need even more tax reduction? Why? Certainly not to create jobs.

5. Extending unemployment benefits. This provision is a seemingly wonderful amelioration of the plight of the unemployed, but it simply postpones the day of reckoning. Then what? Unemployment benefits constitute a band-aid applied to symptoms. What’s required is a remedy or cure for the underlying cause of the affliction. The people in a position to finance that remedy are unwilling to pay. In the long run, it makes more sense to do what needs to be done to create jobs than to increase the financial insecurity of future social security beneficiaries to avoid doing what needs to be done.

6. Extending expiring tax credits. This provision ultimately doesn’t do much of anything. It doesn’t create jobs.

7. Total deduction of business equipment purchases. In If At First It Doesn’t Work, Try, Try, Try Again and in Just Because It Didn’t Work the First 50 Times Doesn’t Mean It Will Work Next Time, I explained why first-year expensing and first-year bonus depreciation do little, if anything, to create jobs in this country. It sounds good, and misleads people into thinking something is being done to solve the nation’s economic problems, but it’s mere puffery at best.

The compromise adds almost a trillion dollars to the nation’s accumulated deficit. It accelerates the day when the foreign creditors of America show up, announce they’re cutting off the lending pattern, and demand repayment of the loans. What then? Even 100 percent tax rates won’t raise sufficient revenue. Will the nation’s politicians come up with another compromise, one in which the nation surrenders all but its nominal independence?

The President claims that this was the only avenue open to his Administration. Nonsense. The Republicans should have been permitted to block extensions of tax cuts for taxpayers making less than $250,000, and the Administration should have embarked on an education tour explaining to Americans that Republicans care more about tax cuts for the wealthy than they care about the middle class. Would this work? Absolutely. During the past week I’ve had one-on-one conversations with people who are beginning to understand the bill of goods that has been sold to them by the anti-tax crowd and to understand how they’ve been duped, a realization reflected in polls such as the one reported in this article. Though I may be an expert in tax law, I’m not an expert in dealing with the question I’ve been asked more than a few times, “Can I change my vote?” I think the answer is, “No, not until 2012.” By then it might be too late.

The political games being played in Washington at the expense of the American economy and the nation’s citizens are abominable. By putting party loyalty and devotion to disproven principles above solving problems caused by decades of similar governance flaws, members of Congress are doing their best to raise suspicions that the American political system might not be what’s required in a world far removed from the days when farmers and rural populations saddled with eighteenth-century technology and medieval economics dominated the socio-political landscape.

Congressional Republicans continue to insist they would rather let tax cuts for all taxpayers expire than to let the nation’s wealthy go broke on account of a 4-percentage point increase in the tax rate applicable to a portion of their taxable incomes. Somehow, they claim, a $15,000 tax increase on someone making $1,000,000 a year will doom that person to the poorhouse, or, at the very least, cause 10,000 more jobs to disappear. Once the arguments are seriously examined, they’re downright laughable. Republicans are translating voter anger at an overly complex, somewhat unfathomable health care statute as a blank check to defend the wealthy at the expense of the middle class. Put not so gently, Republicans are holding middle America hostage for the benefit of the wealthy. Making matters worse is the inability of Congressional Democrats to explain this to the nation, and their inability to expose the dangers of continuing a tax policy that has driven the middle class into dire economic straits. In the meantime, the Administration, valuing compromise and kindness over tough talk and firm action, looks for ways to make everyone happy in a situation guaranteed to make everyone, in the long run, poor and miserable – except, perhaps, for the wealthy with nest eggs stored overseas.

According to this CNN story, “Several economic studies have indicated that the wealthiest people – the top three percent who make more than $250,000 per year – are more likely to invest tax cuts in stocks or other assets than to create jobs. . . . [M]any large American corporations are posting record profits without sinking that money into payroll. Instead of spending money on tax cuts, . . . the money should be spent on actual jobs – which, in turn, will bring businesses the customers they need to thrive.” Is this not what I argued last week in Tax Cuts v. Increased Spending? Was this not explained in Job Creation and Tax Reductions? What part of Economics 101 do the members of Congress not understand? Apparently, quite a bit. Keep reading.

The question of why Congress is incapable of doing what needs to be done is wonderfully illustrated by the marvelously absurd comment uttered by Representative Jeb Hensarling of Texas. In yet another feeble attempt to justify making the rich richer and everyone else worse off, disguised as sympathy for the unemployed, this brilliant “leader” of America said, “You cannot help the job seeker by punishing the job creator. No taxes on nobody. It may be bad grammar but it’s great economics.” No, Representative Hensarling, it’s bad economics, it’s even worse tax policy, and it’s a woeful attempt to relive the failed past. The only shred of value in this quote is the perhaps inadvertent revelation of the realities lurking beneath the advocates of treating the wealthy as though they’re the ones suffering the most from the economic mess created by the failed policies of the past decade. Focus on the second sentence. “No taxes on nobody.” That’s the true goal. I wonder if Hensarling is going to be admonished by the powers-that-be for this ungrammatical but confessional revelation. The ultimate goal, of course, is to repeal all taxes, thus depriving the poor and middle class of the only thing that stands between them and total subservience to the cabal of wealthy elites, namely, government. Most of the wealthy – there are some exceptions, see Do the Wealthy WANT Tax Cuts? -- prefer that government shrink and even disappear, because government is an obstacle to their goal of wealth for the sake of power (in contrast to wealth for the sake of survival). These anti-government, anti-tax wealth accumulators are quite successful convincing the poor and middle class that government is their enemy, when in fact it is their last worthwhile hope. Any remnants of the exaggerated claim that the private sector knows what’s best for Americans were washed down the sewers in more than a “trickle down” when the power and greed merchants at Enron, Goldman Sachs, Countrywide Mortgage, Adelphia, Halliburton, WorldCom, AIG, and dozens more of their sort showed the nation what can be done when government is underfunded and tax cut money is put to uses far from the well-being of the nation’s citizens.

Think about it. “No taxes on nobody.” It’s tough to find a better slogan to describe the philosophy of the anti-tax crowd, and it’s going to be even tougher to persuade Americans that in the long run, if they don’t already have a ton of money, they’re not going to be better off when and if the country becomes a Wild West revival, with “No taxes on nobody” and “No sheriff in town.” After all, if there were no taxes, who would pay Hensarling’s Congressional salary? Perhaps we don’t want to know.

“No taxes on nobody.” The absurdity of the concept, and its implications, are terrifying.

A week and a half ago, in Being Thankful for User Fees and Taxes, I demonstrated the short-sightedness and narrow-mindedness of uncompromising opposition to tax increases. I referred to a study that calculated what it would cost motorists to maintain gasoline taxes and similar road use fees at their nominal levels, rejecting even the increases necessary to keep pace with inflation. It turns out that the “savings” obtained from locking in tax and user fees is significantly less than the expenses incurred on account of deteriorating roads and bridges, such as increased fuel consumed in traffic jams, repairs necessitated by encounters with potholes, lost time, and other costs.

Now comes another instance highlighting the advantages of taxation in contrast to private individuals assuming the cost of services provided by local government. In a memorandum jointly written by Radnor Township’s Finance Director and Township Manager Revised 2011 Operating Budget Options, the authors responded to a directive by the Board of Commissioners to “prepare options that stipulate various changes in the Township millage rates and what the impact those revenue changes would have on the services/contributions provided by the Township.” In other words, the Commissioners were trying to identify the impact of not raising the real property tax, raising it by 5 percent, and raising it by 9 percent. According to the memorandum, if the real estate tax rate is not increased, the Township would need to lay off two police officers, eliminate all trash removal, recycling pick-up, and leaf collection, and curtail snow removal. Based on current market prices, an individual homeowner would need to pay roughly $550 per year to obtain private trash, recycling, and leaf collection. In contrast, a 5% increase in the millage rate would cost the average homeowner $53.21 per year, permitting not only retention of township trash, recycling and leaf collection but also the two police officers, though at the expense of a $400,000 reduction in Township funding of its library and a reduction in the Ending Fund Balance. These reductions in turn can be avoided with a 9% increase in the millage rate, which would cost the average homeowner $93.90 per year rather than $53.21 per year.

Whether Township residents understand that small increase in their property tax bills makes more sense than paying ten times as much for some of the services that would be eliminated – the $550 would not restore snow removal or the two police officer positions – remains to be seen. Technically, it is a decision to be made by the Commissioners, but ultimately residents will respond at the voting booth. That makes it essential that the conversation be sensible and informed.

Though it might appear that there is something odd about the discrepancy in costs, much of it has to do with the efficiencies of local government provision of the services in question and the impact of profit extraction when the services are provided by the private sector. It’s not unlike the attempts by private sector “investors” to extract profits by taking over the Pennsylvania Turnpike system, a money-grab that ultimately comes at the expense of motorists, and an issue I have discussed numerous times, most recently in Are Private Tolls More Efficient Than Public Tolls? and More on Private Toll Roads. Shifting public services into the private sector simply puts more money, in the form of profits that don’t exist and don’t need to exist in the public sector, into the pockets of those who are eager to turn public services into their own money-generating machine. That money comes from taxpayers, duped into thinking that “holding the line on taxes” is a good thing. Only when they compare the impact on their own budgets – too often done after the fact than beforehand – do some or many of them realize that they are getting the same or decreased services but paying out much more. In the long run, will they figure out who gets the better end of privatization deals, and that it’s not the taxpayer?

The “hold the line on taxes” campaign has profited from catchy sound bites, appeals to emotion, and funding from shadowy sources. It’s time for reasoned analysis and informed discussion to push itself into the tax discourse arena. It’s time for the myth that taxation is bad and privatization is good to be broken, and illuminated for what it is, a ploy. It’s time for people to understand that “holding the line on taxes” is going to cost them, and this country, dearly. Trash, recycling, and leaf removal will become one of their least concerns, but it’s a good place to begin learning the lesson.

Tax cuts and increased spending having something very much in common. Both increase budget deficits. One reduces revenue. The other increases expenditures. Doing either when there is a surplus is one thing; doing either when there already is a deficit is another. Yet there are times when increased spending, even in the face of budget deficits, is an unavoidable necessity. One example is war, which in the 1940s caused huge budget deficits because even increased taxes could not offset the necessary increased spending. But tax cuts and increased spending are also very different.

A few days ago, the Congressional Budget Office released a report, Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output From July 2010 Through September 2010, which analyzes the multiple components of the legislation enacted in 2009 in an attempt to ameliorate the economic crisis gripping the nation. The report groups the components of the legislation into four categories: grants to state and local governments and similar entities, money transferred to individuals, government purchases of goods and services, and tax breaks for individuals and business. The CBO then analyzed the impact of the various grants, transfers, purchases and tax breaks, to determine the impact on the economy. The CBO calculated an “output multiplier,” which measures the impact of the grant, transfer, purchase, or tax break on GDP. For example, a multiplier of 3 means that a $1 grant, transfer, purchase, or tax break generated $3 of GDP. The CBO calculated low and high boundaries for the multipliers. How did the various incentives in the 2009 legislation fare?

The most effective incentive was the purchase of goods and services by the government, generating a multiplier of between 1.0 and 2.5. Grants to state and local governments and entities for infrastructure purposes generated a multiplier of between 1.0 and 2.5, and grants to state and local governments and entities generated a multiplier of between 0.7 and 1.8. Transfers to individuals generated a multiplier of between 0.8 and 2.1, and the one-time payment to retirees generated a multiplier of between 0.3 and 1.0. What the CBO calls two-year tax cuts for lower-income individuals generated a multiplier of between 0.6 and 1.5, and the extension of the first-time homebuyer credit generated a multiplier of between 0.3 and 0.8. The least effective incentive was the two-year tax cuts for higher-income individuals, which generated a multiplier of between 0.2 and 0.6

These results are not in the least surprising. Assuming the choice is between tax cuts for the wealthy and increased spending on infrastructure – directly or through states and localities – there is much more bang for the buck in taking care of the nation’s infrastructure. The flip side is that letting the tax cuts for the wealthy expire has far less negative effect on the nation’s economy and all of its people than does letting the nation’s infrastructure rot and crumble away.

I’ve been arguing this point consistently and almost incessantly. For example, in Funding the Infrastructure: When Free Isn’t Free, I explained how refusal to let the gasoline tax keep pace with inflation, because of politicians’ inability to resist the siren song of the anti-tax movement, has been imposing a toll in lives, property, and money on taxpayers throughout the country. I returned to this point in The Return of the Federal Gasoline Tax Increase Proposal. Last year, in So How Does This Tax Provision Stimulate the Economy, I criticized the enactment of the qualified motor vehicle sales tax deduction, using these words:

Though the notion that federal spending, either of tax revenue or borrowed money, will stimulate the economy, that notion ought not support the contention that any infusion of money into the economy is fiscally stimulative. It would make much more sense, for example, to invest the money in assets, such as infrastructure, schools, homeless shelters, prisons, and energy facilities, because the outlay would be matched, at least to some extent, by the production of an asset owned by the government and because there would be no doubt that the outlay would create and preserve jobs. It is difficult to imagine that whoever lobbied for this qualified vehicle sales tax deduction made that sort of strong case that it would rev up the engines of the automakers' production facilities.

The CBO report certainly proves the point I was making. Recently, in Being Thankful for User Fees and Taxes, I explained why increased government spending on highway infrastructure coupled with increased taxes is much cheaper than reduced taxes coupled with even higher increased individual spending on automobile repair and operating costs.

Just as consistently and perhaps incessantly, I’ve been arguing that enacting, and, worse, extending, tax cuts for the wealthy is not a solution to the nation’s economic woes. The CBO report bears out that position. Not only is there little bang for the buck, there actually is a negative effect on the economy when tax cuts are enacted or extended for the wealthy. Why is this so? Unlike lower-income individuals, who translate their reduced tax liabilities arising from tax cuts into local spending, and unlike government expenditures on local infrastructure, the wealthy are in a position to ship their tax savings arising from tax cuts to investments overseas. If their tax cuts are creating jobs, they’re creating jobs elsewhere, not at home. As I have mentioned previously, the wealthy can reduce their tax brackets by hiring people and taking the deduction for compensation paid to employees. But businesses aren’t going to hire unless they need workers, and they don’t need more workers if people aren’t buying goods and services and governments aren’t investing in infrastructure repair and maintenance. People reduce their demand for goods and services when their incomes fall, which has been the case for pretty much everyone but the wealthy. Governments reduce their investment in infrastructure repair and maintenance when their tax revenues are decreasing because of the combination of tax cuts and reduced economic activity.

Closer study, reaching back beyond 2009, will reveal that the current economic downturn began with the tax cuts almost a decade ago, despite the momentary, misleading, and phantom bubbled blip of economic growth in the earlier part of the decade. Logic tells us that the key to reversing the decline is to remove its cause and undo what should not have been done. Even if the trillions in lost revenue cannot be recovered, at least the bleeding can be stopped by taking tax cut extensions for the wealthy off the table.

According to this Philadelphia Inquirer article, “more than 400 U.S. business owners and professionals signed a petition [more here]” asking Congress and the Administration to let the Bush tax cuts for the wealthy expire. Some of the thoughts expressed by several of the people who signed the petition mesh with arguments I have been advancing for the past several years.

One signer pointed out that low taxes are an incentive not to hire. In contrast, he explained, higher tax rates on upper-end income encourage wealthy business owners to hire employees, because the deduction for compensation reduces the owners’ taxable incomes. In effect, the higher the marginal tax rate, the higher the “subsidy” provided for hiring new employees. I made this point two weeks ago in Job Creation and Tax Reductions.

This individual pointed to a Mark Buchanan article, Wealth Happens: Wealth Distribution and the Role of Networks, excerpted here that “associates lower tax rates with greater wealth disparity, and vice versa.” I mentioned the same effect in Taxes, Bailouts and Socialism, arguing:

Obama's tax plan is to increase taxes for individuals with incomes exceeding $250,000. Most Americans do not fall into that category, and 95 percent are unaffected by this particular proposal. Americans in that category are paying taxes at lower rates than they were paying a decade ago. The theory was that reducing rates on the rich would generate benefits not only for the rich, but also for everyone else. This "trickle down" theory turned out to be a failed experiment. All that trickled down was the economic pain inflicted on America by the casino capitalist gamblers. Technically, Obama proposes revocation of tax cuts for the wealthy. They had their chance. It failed, other than to make the wealthy wealthier, the middle class smaller, and the gap between the haves and have-nots wider.

It is becoming increasingly clear to more and more people, including the wealthy, that focusing tax breaks on investment at the expense of wages causes wealth to concentrate even more intensely in the wealthy. That increases the odds faced by the non-wealthy who think that tax cuts increase the prize waiting for them if they happen to win the “break out of the low or middle class into the upper income stratum” lottery. The reality is that no matter by how much tax cuts increase the “I’ve made it” prize, they decrease the odds of winning by orders of magnitude beyond the potential benefit. Can anyone spell “con game”?

Another signer trashed the “trickle down” theory that has been used to obtain and defend tax cuts for the wealthy. According to Warren Buffett, “trickle down” simply “has not worked.” He added, “I hope the American people are catching on.” I wonder if members of Congress are catching on. I doubt it. I, too, have trashed the “trickle down” theory on many occasions. In New Jersey to Follow in California’s Tax Footsteps?, I noted:

Tax-cut advocates rely on the disproven “trickle down” theory, a theory to which some die-hards cling as tightly as flat-earthers embrace their belief that all of us should fear boarding ocean-going ships because they will falling off the edge of the earth. Here’s some news. The earth isn’t flat, and trickle-down is yet more proof that a theory isn’t worth much until it is proven to work. And this one doesn’t.

In Tax Cut Advocates – Like the Poor – Will Always Be With Us: Part Three I concluded:

After several decades of supply-side, trickle-down, spend-but-don’t-tax, and other voodoo tax and economic policies, it’s time to put those bad ideas into the dustbin of history.

It’s heartening to learn that hundreds of wealthy individuals agree.

Yet another signer of the petition noted that one effect of tax cuts for the wealthy has been a decrease in the nation’s investment in its infrastructure. In contrast, he points out, nations such as India are “moving in the right direction because they have invested in their national infrastructure. Meanwhile, we’re cutting back. It’s a moral decision, and it’s a business decision, and it’s wrong.” I tried to hammer home this point, shortly after the bridge collapse in Minnesota, in Funding the Infrastructure: When Free Isn’t Free. This signer explained that in his travels around the world for professional purposes, he could not help but notice that when the national infrastructure crumbles, workers suffer even more. Ultimately, I contend, it will hurt even the wealthy, proving that tax cuts for the wealthy are short-term treats infected with long-term economic disease that afflicts everyone.

I connected the complex relationship among tax cuts, infrastructure spending needs, and the menace of federal budget deficits in Tax Policy: It's OK for Us But Not For You, building on my warning five years ago in Government Budget Math: $1 + $1 + $1 = $1 + $1 that unbridled tax cuts for the wealthy – not only in the form of low marginal rates but also the dangerous even lower rates for capital gains and dividends, which populate high-end tax returns disproportionately more than they appear on other tax returns – would lead to economic crisis. The question is whether enough of the wealthy will learn what the signers of the petition have learned, and whether this education will occur soon enough to permit remedial action before the nation’s economy spirals into a black hole.

Although the primary focus of MauledAgain is taxation, the blog description leaves room for me to wander into a few other areas that are of interest, perhaps even more interest, to me than taxation. One of those is chocolate. Several news stories during the past few weeks have inspired me to write about chocolate, yet again.

First, the good news. My youngest sister, who also considers chocolate to be important and wonderful, sent me a link to a Science Daily story, whose headline, Why Chocolate Protects Against Heart Disease almost says it all. After doing the sort of experiments that tax practitioners never get to administer, researchers at Linkoping University discovered that dark chocolate contains a substance that inhibits the enzyme ACE. This enzyme “is involved” with blood pressure regulation and the body’s fluid balance. One of the researchers explained that “the object of her studies is not to design new pharmaceuticals.” Of course not! The prescription simply is to consume more chocolate with a cocoa content of at least 72 percent. Don’t go for the 99 percent stuff, though. Take my advice, based on experience, it’s just way too bitter.

Second, the bad news. According to this Philadelphia Inquirer article, which mirrors similar articles popping up throughout cyberspace, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled on Thursday – yes, that’s Thanksgiving here in the States – that there is no such thing as “pure chocolate.” At first glance, that’s bad news, the idea that all chocolate is impure. Horrors! The court’s decision capped a long adventure only lawyers could love, pitting EU nations against each other in a battle over labels. The disagreement arose between counties where chocolate is manufactured using only cocoa butter and countries using vegetable fats. Italy tried to get a step up on the competition by passing a law describing chocolate items made from 100 percent cocoa butter as “pure chocolate.” Other nations, such as Britain, objected. The Court of Justice decided that the place to let consumers know that the chocolate is made from 100 percent cocoa butter is on the table of ingredients, and that “EU’s chocolate labeling rules make no room for a ‘pure chocolate’ reference such as the one Italy enacted.” The court also held that if vegetable fats are included, the label must state, “contains vegetable fats in addition to cocoa butter.” A spokesperson for the EU explained that Europe has “two chocolate cultures,” one that uses only cocoa butter and one that includes other vegetable fats. Does the court’s decision put an end to the chocolate culture wars? Apparently, as the 1999 agreement to use the word “chocolate” no matter the ingredients and to leave the components to the table of ingredients resolves the matter. Fortunately, the decision does not prevent ordinary people from referring to the really good chocolate as “pure chocolate,” though some prefer to use the term “pure bliss.”

Third, one must wonder what will happen when and if advocates of taxing beverages, sugar, and other “sinful” foodstuffs get around to trying to tax chocolate. Will distinctions be made between pure chocolate and the other, impure, chocolate? Will there be litigation over the meaning of chocolate? The first story causes me to wonder whether, in a state that imposes a sales tax on food or on carry-out food but not on medicines, will chocolate qualify for non-taxation because it is a medicine?

There’s a sad thread running through these stories. It’s disappointing how lawyers and tax practitioners can make something as wonderful as chocolate the focal point of legal arguments and tax debate.

One of the t-shirts I wear to the gym declares “We Love Taxes” in a script just above a logo for the Villanova University Graduate Tax Program. There’s an older gentleman at the gym who, when he first saw the shirt, became quite agitated. He proceeded to tell me why all taxes should be abolished. I explained what life would be like if there were no taxes. He relented, shifting his complaints to the woeful administration of taxes in the state of Florida. For that, I was in no position to disagree, because I was not familiar with the particular inefficiencies he had encountered.

Though anti-tax sentiment is popular, it too often is expressed in thoughtless condemnation of all taxes, as well as user fees. At some baser level, perhaps tied into the limbic system, humans simply prefer to get as much as they can get for free. They dislike taxes, but complain no less when paying bills or forking over cash at the checkout counter. Perhaps the trait is acquired and refined during childhood, when life for many people does appear to be an experience of getting things for nothing.

An excellent example of why taxes and user fees are, in the long run, effective and sensible appears in Future Mobility in Pennsylvania: The Condition, Use and Funding of Pennsylvania’s Roads, Bridges and Transit System, issued by TRIP, a “non profit organization that researches, evaluates and distributes economic and technical data on surface transportation issues.” Lest anyone doubt the nonpartisan character of the organization, it “is sponsored by insurance companies, equipment manufacturers, distributors and suppliers; businesses involved in highway and transit engineering, construction and finance; labor unions; and organizations concerned with an efficient and safe surface transportation network.”

After reading the report, I wondered how the yes and no responses would turn out if each motorist in Pennsylvania were to be asked this question: “Would you be willing to pay an addition $1 per gallon in gasoline taxes if the proceeds of that tax were used to improve and repair Pennsylvania highways and bridges?” My guess is that most people would say “No.” I wonder what would happen if people understood that those improvements and repairs, by decreasing congestion, enhancing safety, and reducing vehicle operating costs, would save each motorist an average of $800, to say nothing of creating jobs. Motorists in Philadelphia would save $1,500 each year, while those in other urban areas would save between $900 and $1,000.

Indeed, according to the report, the miserable condition of Pennsylvania’s roads contributes to traffic fatalities, wasted fuel, lost time, increased wear and tear and damage to vehicles, business supplies delivery delays, and a variety of other “hidden” costs attributable in significant part to inadequate funding of public roads and bridges. Though costs of keeping roads safe and in good repair have increased, and though use of this infrastructure has skyrocketed, gasoline taxes and user fees have not kept pace.

Rational logic dictates that it makes more economic sense to pay higher gasoline taxes and/or user fees when doing so reduces other costs by more than the increase in the taxes and user fees. Intuitive reaction, which is that there must be some sort of trick to this assertion, fails to consider that the reason for the savings is the efficiency of collective action. Widening a road, installing a median barrier, resurfacing a road with pothole-resistant material, modernizing traffic signals, realigning dangerous intersections, installing traffic cameras and sensors, and similar improvements are less expensive than the collective cost of replacing tires, realigning wheels, incurring lost profits caused by delivery delays, repairing and replacing wrecked vehicles, caring for people injured in accidents, burying traffic fatalities, replacing what those injured and dead individuals would have contributed to themselves, their dependents, their employers, and their communities.

The problem is that taxes and user fees are visible, but many of the costs of underfunded roads and bridges are hidden. A person paying for a wheel alignment required because of a pothole encounter might realize that he or she is shelling out almost half of what a $1 per gallon gasoline tax increase would cost, but how many people calculate the additional gasoline they purchase because they’ve burned it while sitting in traffic jams caused by inadequate highway capacity, accidents attributable to highway defects, and choke points cause by the need to deal with bridge weight restrictions? How many people know the amount by which what they pay for an item would be reduced if the seller wasn’t passing along the costs incurred by the seller, the wholesaler, the manufacturer, and everyone else in the supply chain because of inadequate road funding?

Consider what would happen if all road taxes and user fees were removed. We’d be dealing with streets and highways that would rapidly crumble into muddy tracks flecked with loose stone, highlighted by deep ruts, and yielding nothing but rough rides. Speeds would be reduced to the point of utter frustration for motorists. Would it be too much sarcasm to note that the anti-tax crowd would be delighted, singing songs of joy at the demise of transportation taxation, sparing them a few hundred dollars while they cheerfully incur visible and hidden costs running into the thousands?

I wonder how many people, fortunate to be doing their Thanksgiving driving on good and excellent roads, gave thanks that there exist taxes that made their journeys possible. I did. I suspect I was alone, or nearly so, just as I am when I wear that t-shirt.

Four and a half years ago, in A Memorial Day Essay on War and Taxation, I pointed out, among other things, the foolishness of fighting a war while not only failing to raise taxes but recklessly lowering them. Though there is a danger that by quoting one segment of the piece I will shortchange the analysis that led to this conclusion, the warning that I issued about the long-term catastrophic risk of a “fight war, lower taxes” policy needs to be highlighted:

War cannot be done on the cheap. War is not free. War ought not be purchased on a credit card. War is a national commitment. Hiding the true cost of war in order to influence a nation's willingness to engage in war is wrong. Ultimately, the price to be paid will be dangerously high.

Six months later, in War Taxes: Even a Discussion Can Teach Lessons, I supported a proposal by Senator Joe Lieberman for a war tax to fund the wars being waged. Almost a year ago, in The Obey War Tax Proposal: Sensible?, I expressed support for a similar proposal by Representative David Obey. In both instances I referred back to the quotation from A Memorial Day Essay on War and Taxation. I did so again in Peacetime Tax Policy While Waging War = Economic Mess.

Two years ago, in Does It Matter Who or What is to Blame?, I repeated this quotation, introducing it with this explanation of how America let itself get suckered into tolerating such bad judgment:

So long as the message sent by advertisers, politicians, and the entertainment industry is "You can have it all and you can have it all now," then it's no surprise that people behave in ways that jeopardize not only the nation's financial health but its survival.

Shortly thereafter, in Leaders as Teachers: Fixing the Financial Fiasco, I explained how Paul O’Neill, the Secretary of Treasury who opposed cutting taxes while continuing to spend substantial amounts for the waging of war, ended up as an ex-Secretary of the Treasury. I pressed home the point that good leaders know how to help those whom they lead understand what needs to be done, and demonstrate the courage required to do what is right rather than what is popular. Recently in Tax Incentives Can Do Only So Much and Some Insights Into the Tax Policy Mess, I expressed concern that until and unless Congress understands the impact of the “wage war while cutting taxes” decision, accepts what needs to be done, and does it, the nation, at best, will continue to wallow in economic doldrums and, at worst, will tumble into economic chaos.

Now comes news that Alan Simpson, a former Senator, a co-chair of the White House Fiscal Commission, and a Republican no less, has criticized Congress for its failure to increase taxes to provide funding for the wars being waged. He explained, “We have had a tax to support every single war in our history, the Revolutionary on in. We’re fighting two wars with no tax to support it. If you’re going to fight a war, much less two of them, you ought to have a tax to support it to let the American people know there’s a sacrifice involved other than the people who are fighting it.” Simpson isn’t saying anything different from what I shared in A Memorial Day Essay on War and Taxation:

The notion that a country can fight a war without general sacrifice of resources is mind-boggling. Our nation is at war. War has been declared on our nation, not by some relatively harmless but disturbed individual, but by an organization and movement that presents a genuine threat while changing the rules of war. Yet too many of us continue to think that war is something going on somewhere else, fought by others, and beamed into our homes by all sorts of spontaneous communications technology. But for that technology, the funerals of fallen heroes, and the fact today is a day we are reminded to stop and meditate on these matters, one might not know that a war, a global war, is underway. Televisions can be turned off, few visit the maimed veterans undergoing treatment at military hospitals here and abroad, and life pretty much goes on as it otherwise would.

I wasn't around during the last full-fledged, unlimited global conflict. Yet I've listened to as many tales as were shared with me by those alive at the time as I could find, and I've read and watched a lot. So I've heard and read about rationing, double shifts, postponed plans, substituted products, and sacrifice. Every tax practitioner, and every citizen, should understand that during World War Two income tax rates skyrocketed, wage withholding was introduced, and the entire revenue-expenditure structure was altered. War hung as a cloud over every life, and over every dollar. Is that good? I think so. Why? Because war is so serious and so terminal a course of action that it should not be permitted to recede to the background.

Yet the current global war has not been managed in the same manner. Politicians have chosen to fight without increasing revenue, imposing rationing, or deferring projects and activities. In their defense, they argue that none of these things are necessary, that a nation can have its guns without giving up its butter. I disagree, and I happen to think that politicians are reluctant to do what needs to be done because they are more concerned about maintaining their position in office than in making the tough decisions that war requires. So our national leaders have chosen to put the cost of the current war on our children and grandchildren. Those who decry the huge deficits, triggered in part by war and in part by the almost insane concept of decreasing tax revenues (mostly for the wealthy) during wartime, pretty much focus on the economic impact. They ask if, or suggest that, our grandchildren will be facing income tax rates of 80 percent in order to reduce an unmanageable deficit. I think it will be worse. I think our children and their children and grandchildren will become subservient to our nation's creditors. The sovereignty of the United States of America is far from guaranteed, and is at risk. Were these considerations discussed when those in power decided that war can be done on the cheap?

I get the sense that Alan Simpson would agree with my more extensive take on the matter. But I fear he continues to be in the minority.

Coming on the heels of last month’s Life for My Proposed Marcellus Shale User Fee? and And So Now Philadelphia Listens?, in which I explained that two of my tax policy proposals had shown up in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia tax policy initiatives, respectively, this most recent development closes the federal/state/local “are they listening to me?” tax policy trifecta. Unfortunately, as momentarily gratifying as this vindication might be, it means nothing if the respective legislators don’t buckle down and fulfill their civic obligation to set the city, state, and nation back on a robust economic track. If that means taking on the special interests who narrow-mindedness generated and nurtured the foolish ideas-turned-actions significantly contributing to the present dilemma, then that is what courageous leaders do. Otherwise, no matter their party allegiances, their failure speaks volumes about the relative priorities afforded certain special interests and afforded the American nation and its citizenry.

A year ago, in Poll on Tax and Spending Illustrates Voter Inconsistency, I commented on the results of a poll in New Jersey that showed only 23% of those queried favored state tax increases whereas 68% supported reductions in spending on state programs and services. Yet when specific state programs were nominated for reduced state funding, a majority of respondents failed to support cutting that program’s funding. I noted:

The poll reinforces my contention that the underlying problem is the continued demand for government spending on programs that benefit state residents coupled with a continued resistance to the idea of paying taxes in order to fund those programs. . . . This sort of entitlement mentality, a vision that grows out of the "I want, I got, I will continue to get" experience of too many people, suggests that finding a common ground to resolve the tax and spend debate in New Jersey, and elsewhere, will be difficult if not impossible. It's amusing to see that almost everyone understands there is a problem, almost half think it will get fixed, but fewer than half can rally around any specific solution to the fiscal mess. It may be a simple matter of what the residents of New Jersey want being something that collectively is more than what the residents of New Jersey have. I repeat my inquiry shared in New Jersey to Follow in California's Tax Footsteps?: "Is no one taught the skills required to balance budgets? Are fiscal discipline and common sense lost abilities? Are there any political leaders still standing who have the courage to explain the true cost, tax-wise and otherwise, of the things that the people demand? Is the nation paying the price for too many years of too many people refusing to say 'no' to the demands of those who are unable to comprehend that money does not grow on trees?”

In the earlier post, New Jersey to Follow in California's Tax Footsteps?, I observed that, “When asked to approve tax increases, Californians voted no. They also rejected caps on state spending. Hello? Is the “don’t tax me, but spend money on me” outlook on life sweeping through California as a precursor to sweeping through the nation? It is said that trends begin in California. This is a bad one. A very bad one.”

Now a poll taken in California has confirmed that this paradoxical, and irrational, desire on the part of Americans to acquire benefits provided with public dollars, but to pay little or no taxes, is alive, well, and growing. When asked about ways to cut the state’s budget deficit, respondents preferred spending cuts to tax increases, but they also rejected spending cuts for programs constituting 85% of the state’s spending. The notion that “trimming waste,” as some suggested, can balance the budget when deficits are gargantuan is, as has often been demonstrated, nonsense. How can something as illogical as “I want the sun to rise in both the east and the west” or “I want it to snow but I want the temperature to be in the 90s” prosper in modern civilization without ultimately destroying it? The choices are clear: increase taxes, cut spending, do some of each, or suffer the consequences of huge government budget deficits.

Who is going to stand up and educate America to the realities of taxes and spending? Who has the courage to explain that the price for low taxes is low government spending? As I pointed out in The Grand Delusion: Balancing the Federal Budget Without Tax Increases, if taxes are to be reduced or tax cuts extended, and at the same time the federal budget balanced, there needs to be wholesale cutting of federal programs across the board. Yet it is clear that the majority of Americans object to those cuts. Americans cannot have it both ways. That’s been tried. It was tried when, during the early part of this decade, the decision was made to make simultaneous tax cuts and spending increases. This pairing contributed in a variety of ways to the economic crisis that followed, and continues to erode the economic foundation of America. How long can a political entity survive when its economic foundation crumbles? In this instance, ignorance is not bliss.

A reader reacted to Monday’s post, The Grand Delusion: Balancing the Federal Budget Without Tax Increases, by noting that “it seems like you left tax expenditures off the table” and pointing out that the Wall Street Journal article, and accompanying “Receipt,” to which I referred did not include tax expenditures because they aren’t cash outlays. The reader shared this link to the twelve largest tax expenditures. I agree with the reader that these amounts are significant.

In my response to the reader, I explained that I should have been more specific about the challenge of cutting federal spending. The challenge, in response to those who advocate balancing the federal budget by cutting spending and refusing to raise taxes, is for those people to identify the cuts they would make in federal spending. To me, cutting tax expenditures is the same as raising taxes. If exclusions, deductions, and credits are removed, taxpayers’ taxable incomes increase, and thus taxpayers’ tax liabilities increase. Thus, removing tax expenditures, whether in the form of exclusions, deductions, and credits, raises taxes and does not qualify as cutting spending. In fact, if the advocates of balancing the budget without raising taxes resort to removal of exclusions, deductions, and taxes, then they would be acting inconsistently with the avowed goal of not raising taxes. I’m not rejecting the removal of tax expenditures as a tax reform goal, and in fact, I support the removal of many tax expenditures; I’m simply pointing out that removing tax expenditures does not qualify as the identification of spending cuts.

If the advocates of cutting spending while not increasing taxes do slide over to the world of tax increases disguised as tax expenditure reductions, they run the risk of making after-tax life for the wealthy disproportionately better than after-tax life for the not-so-wealthy. Depending on which tax expenditures are cut, the middle class could wind up yet again bearing a disproportionate burden of the increased revenue. Consider two taxpayers, M and W, both of whom are unmarried. M’s taxable income puts M in the 25% marginal bracket, whereas W’s taxable income puts W in the 35% marginal bracket. M’s taxable income is $80,000 and M’s federal income tax liability is $16,181. W’s taxable income is $1,600,000 and W’s federal income tax liability is $537,643. M owns a home purchased for $250,000, on which there is a $200,000 mortgage. W owns a home purchased for $5,000,000, on which there is a $4,000,000 mortgage. M pays mortgage interest of $10,000 and W pays mortgage interest of $200,000. Under section 163(a), after taking into account section 163(h), M deducts the entire $10,000 mortgage interest payment, and W deducts $55,000 of the $200,000 mortgage payment ($200,000 x $1,100,000/$4,000,000). The mortgage interest deduction is the third largest tax expenditure, and it is one often nominated for full or partial repeal. If it is repealed, what happens to M and W? M’s taxable income would increase to $90,000, putting M into the 28% bracket, and increasing M’s tax liability to $18,909, an increase of $2,728. W’s taxable income would increase to $1,655,000, leaving W in the 35% bracket, and increasing W’s tax liability to $ 556,893, an increase of $19,250. M’s tax liability increases 16.9% ($2,728/$16,181) and W’s tax liability increases 3.6% ($19,250/$537,643). Though there probably are a few tax expenditures repeal of which would not disproportionately disadvantage lower-income and middle-income taxpayers, the repeal of most, if not all, of the significant tax expenditures would generate similar instances of higher percentage tax increases for the middle class than for the wealthy.

Years ago, the “hide the tax increase and put it on the middle class” trick was tried and, at least for a while, worked. Congress enacted phaseouts of itemized deductions and the deduction for personal and dependency exemptions, which increased the taxes paid by middle-class and wealthy taxpayers, but claimed that because it did not increase tax rates, it did not increase taxes. Many Americans bought into that lie until they discovered, through the educational efforts of those who understood the subterfuge, that the phaseouts created a bubble, which in effect subject middle-class taxpayers to higher marginal rates than the marginal rates applicable to wealthy taxpayers. Eventually, political pressure forced Congress to phase out the phaseouts, though absent Congressional action, they return, like a seemingly dead monster in a horror flick, in 2011. This time, if Congress appears serious about repealing things such as the mortgage interest deduction and the exclusion for employer-paid health care premiums, the howls that will be heard will be louder than the ones reaching our ears when social security benefit cuts are mentioned. Even though there are good arguments for eliminating many tax expenditures, including the two that I mentioned, the political reality is that doing so in order to preserve or even reduce the already low rates to which the taxable income of the wealthy is subject won’t work. There might be some chance if the tax increase generated by repealing tax expenditures is dedicated to reducing the federal budget deficit, but even that approach faces an uphill political challenge.

What’s need is leadership and education. Americans need to learn the extent to which the nation’s economy is in trouble, how it happened, and what needs to be done to fix it. Until this happens, any improvement in the economy will be negligible and job growth minimal at best. It takes strong leadership to persuade a nation’s taxpayers to focus on the problems, and to pay attention to solutions. It is easy to shoot down every idea, which takes us back to why I issued the challenge in The Grand Delusion: Balancing the Federal Budget Without Tax Increases: If you truly believe that you can balance the federal budget without raising taxes and without raising taxes surreptitiously by eliminating exclusions, deductions, and credits, tell me which federal spending outlays, and how much of each, you plan to cut. Show me the numbers. Show the nation the numbers. The nation will appreciation your answers, as will I, because they will demonstrate why tax increases – including tax expenditure elimination – are unavoidable if the nation is to avoid falling into economic devastation that will make the Great Depression appear to be no big deal.

The rhetoric surrounding the debate over extending the Bush tax cuts is moving from absurd to ridiculous. Advocates of extending the tax cuts for the wealthy are trying to convince the 99 percent of the population that is NOT wealthy that it is in THEIR best interest to support tax cuts for the wealthy. Apparently having decided that the “you middle-class people don’t get an tax cut extension unless the wealthy also get theirs” threat wasn’t working, the supporters of lower taxes for the wealthy are now taking a slightly different approach. They’re trying to link employment prospects for middle-class and lower-income workers to more tax cuts for the wealthy.

Over the weekend, John Boehner, the representative who most likely will become Speaker of the House in January, uttered this bit of reasoning (see, e.g., this report): “I think that extending all of the current tax rates and making them permanent will reduce the uncertainty in America and help small businesses to create jobs again. You can’t invest when you don’t know what the rules are.”

There are at least four major flaws in Boehner’s reasoning. What he said sounds good, at least to those who don’t understand the deeper issues. But sounding good isn’t good enough.

First, though Boehner is correct that uncertainty can generate indecision and stagnation in all sorts of economic activity, including investment, hiring, project initiation, and similar efforts, as I explained in Tax Politics and Economic Uncertainty, uncertainty can be resolved no less definitively by letting the tax cuts for the wealthy expire as it can by letting all of the tax cuts expire or by letting none of the tax cuts expire. Eliminating uncertainty is not something that occurs ONLY if tax cuts for the wealthy are extended. Certainty is more likely no matter what is done, so long as something is done.

Second, there is no certainty in the true sense of the word. No matter what Congress does, the same or a future Congress can change tax rates. One Congress cannot bind a future Congress. Even if advocates of low and lower taxes for the wealthy managed somehow to get their silly idea adopted as an amendment to the Constitution, there’s no guarantee that it would not be removed at a later time. One need to think only of the foolishness surrounding the Prohibition Amendment to understand the elusiveness of certainty.

Third, the financial cost of extending the tax cuts is enormous. Recall, as noted on Monday in The Grand Delusion: Balancing the Federal Budget Without Tax Increases, it would require cutting almost all federal expenditures, assuming Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, military operations, and interest on the national debt are not cut, just to eliminate the existing deficit. Extending tax cuts makes the deficit even larger. What gets cut to fund tax cut extensions for the wealthy? There's not much left to cut, is there? The answer, of course, which the advocates of those tax cut extensions won’t state publicly, is to cut social security and Medicare benefits for the middle class. In the long-term, the effects of cutting Social Security and Medicare to compensate for tax cut extensions favoring the wealthy will be further economic erosion, and a loss of jobs making the current unemployment rate look like “the good old days.”

Fourth, reducing tax rates or extending low taxes for the wealthy, which is what Boehner advocates, does not create jobs. Extending tax cuts for individuals with incomes exceeding $250,000 (for purposes of simplicity, without getting into the slightly different numbers for individuals in different filing status categories) in addition to extending tax cuts for individuals with incomes under that amount would have no effect on small business owners who do not generate that much income from their business. And that's most truly small business. What about individuals with incomes exceeding $250,000? Will they create jobs if their taxes are reduced or if their tax cuts are extended? Not necessarily. A person does not “create a job,” that is, hire a person for a position that previously did not exist, simply because the person’s tax cuts are extended. People do not hire other people for the sake of doing so. They hire other people if they have work that needs to be done. Extending tax cuts does not cause an increase in the amount of work that needs to be done. Even if it did, would the extension of a tax cut that means roughly $35,000 to someone with income of $1,000,000 generate a new job of any significance? Considering that it costs roughly $1.40 to pay $1 in salary, even if the person with $1,000,000 of income needed work to be done, at best they could “create” a job that pays roughly $25,000. One job. One job paying very little. On the other hand, if the person really needed to hire someone, the tax law provides a zero tax rate on the income used to pay a new employee. Thus, no matter the tax rate, if the person with $1,000,000 of income needed to hire someone to do work for $25,000, by doing so at a rough cost of $35,000, the person’s taxes would be reduced under current law by roughly $12,000, and under a tax-cut-expiration situation, by roughly $14,000. In other words, the “we aren’t creating jobs because our taxes might go up” is utter nonsense. If the person has work that needs to be done, $2,000 isn’t going to make or break the decision. Better yet, the wealthy person can hire enough people so that their taxable income sinks below $250,000 and they won't need to bother themselves with what the tax rates for the wealthy are, and in the process they can learn what it's like to live like most people do. What will create jobs is an increase in demand, 90 percent of which comes from the 99 percent who are not in the economic top one percent, and the best way to stimulate demand among the 99 percent is to extend their tax cuts. Ironically, where work needs to be done, such as highway and bridge repair and maintenance, refurbishment of public infrastructure such as storm sewer systems, firehouses, schools, sanitary sewage systems and plants, dams, national cybersecurity, and similar public improvements, the advocates of tax cuts for the wealthy hold a position that guarantees the lack of funding for most, if not all, of what needs to be done to keep the nation vibrant in a changing world economy.

It should be obvious what this debate is all about. It’s about greed. Hiding the role of greed as the motivating factor for misrepresentations and half-truths becomes difficult when people can see the true agenda. If the wealthy wanted to create jobs, they could be creating jobs as I write while getting tax benefits in the form of deductions and even, in some instances, credits. Instead, they hold the nation hostage while claiming, falsely, that jobs will be created only if tax cuts on the wealthy are extended. They don’t mention what economic life would have been like had taxes for the wealthy not been cut when the nation went to war.

The debate between the choices of raising taxes or cutting spending continues, and is certain to become more intense, louder, and more confusing. One problem is that the two choices are not mutually exclusive. It is possible to raise taxes and reduce spending. In fact, that might be the remedy, considering that a significant reason the federal budget deficit is so large is the decision to cut taxes while raising spending. I’ve written about the foolishness of that decision several times, most recently in Some Insights into the Tax Policy Mess, in which I wrote:

The deficit cannot be eliminated merely by cutting spending, unless Congress wants to strip the military down to pretty much nothing, eliminate Social Security and Medicare, and put an end to a variety of other programs. The nation faces huge deficits not only because tax rates on the wealthy are lower than they need to be, but also because the deficit reflects eight years of taxes that should have been collected but that were forgiven by a Congress anxious to reward the economic elite and ballooning interest payments on the debt undertaken to finance the deficits generated by trying to finance a war while cutting taxes.

In FICA, Medicare, and Payroll Taxes, I noted that “Advocates of tax cutting need to identify the cuts they would make to balance the budget, and if they don’t touch defense, Medicare, Social Security – and they’re stuck with the interest payment on the debt – there’s not enough to cut.”

So today I invite the advocates of using spending cuts as the sole solution to the budget deficit crisis to identify sufficient cuts to bring the budget into balance. Off the table is the “trickle down” nonsense that claims tax cuts increase revenue, because when that was tried it didn’t happen. Though there was a momentary upward blip in tax revenues, the long-term experience demonstrates that short-term success is simply that, transitory illusion.

A month and a half ago, the Kaiser Family Foundation released poll results revealing that 40 percent of Americans “think that foreign aid is one of the two biggest areas of spending in the federal budget.” This, of course, is totally incorrect. Once again, the question pops up, “Why are Americans so wrong about something so easy to learn?” The Wall Street Journal, in this article, reported on the poll results and asked the Washington think tank Third Way to prepare “A Taxpayer’s Itemized Receipt” that shows where federal tax revenues go. The “Receipt,” which accompanies theWall Street Journal article, shows what happens to the $42,978 of total income and payroll taxes paid by a working couple with income of $200,000, and what happens to the $7,555 of total income and payroll taxes paid by a retired couple with income of $100,000. What I have done is to convert the figures to show how much of every $1,000 of total income and payroll taxes is expended on some of the categories.

Of the $1,000, $192.64 is paid out in Social Security benefits. Military operations account for $179.29, of which $41.42 is attributable to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Another $120.76 is used for Medicare, and $71.32 goes for Medicaid. Interest on the national debt takes $53.16, and veterans’ benefits and health care consume $25.24. Food stamps cost $15.38, the CIA gets $14.15, and federal highways, $11.83. The amounts spent on NIH, Department of Energy, housing subsidies, and each of the other categories is even less. Foreign aid takes $8.53, an amount which puts it far down the list, certainly not one of the top two categories.

Seen another way, the proposed 2011 federal budget, according to this summary, would consist of receipts totaling $2.567 trillion, expenditures amounting to $3.834 trillion, and a deficit of $1.267 trillion. To balance the budget without raising taxes, $1.267 trillion of the $3.834 expenditures would need to be cut. That’s 33 percent of the expenditures. Social security, Medicare, Medicaid, military operations, and interest on the national debt alone constitute 62 percent of the expenditures. Unless those are cut, then 89 percent of all other expenditures, including veterans’ benefits and health care, the CIA and other intelligence activities, NIH, military retirement, border security, immigration, the FBI, the courts, FEMA, the Coast Guard, federal prisons, and a long list of services that the country surely needs, would need to be axed.

Some might propose cutting Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, but that proposal would bring howls of opposition from across the spectrum, with people of all ages and political stripes objecting. There are those who would cut military operations, but again, objections would pour in from those concerned about the consequences. Who would rejoice at cutting almost 90 percent of national intelligence activities, border security, federal highways, and the Coast Guard? How about NASA? Having already had its budget cut, it has cancelled the program to replace the shuttle, which means China, or perhaps Japan or Russia, will put people on the moon, plant their flag, and leave the United States gasping in the wake of these other nations’ successes. Cutting interest on the national debt would destroy the country’s credit, and accelerate the deep spiral into which it already is heading. Note that to reduce interest on the federal debt, the debt must be cut, which means chopping even more expenditures in order to generate a budget surplus that can be used to pay down the debt.

Those who claim that there is waste that can be eliminated want us to believe that one-third of federal expenditures constitute waste. That simply isn’t so, and no study of the question has ever projected a ratio anywhere near that level. There are those who would cut all the social programs other than Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and veterans’ benefits, but that won’t generate a 33 percent reduction in spending. With state and local governments unable to take up the burden, that sort of cutting would create a desperate conglomeration of destitute individuals driven to do more than demonstrate. Do the people who advocate this sort of cutting ever stop to picture or imagine what society would become under those circumstances?

Those who want to tinker with various spending cuts -- as well as revenue adjustments -- will find this interactive federal budget puzzle to be interesting, and in some strange way, almost fun.

I find it interesting to consider what would have happened had taxes not been cut, let alone raised, when the nation went to war nine years ago. Imagine the trillions of dollars that would have been collected during that period. Imagine the impact on credit markets. Imagine an economy not bloated with tax cut money and thus not sucked into bubbles that eventually burst. It’s too late to go back and do the right thing that should have been done. It’s politically impossible to collect “back taxes” with interest to compensate for the error in judgment. And until Americans understand the reality, it’s politically impossible to put an end to one of the principal causes of the economic mess in which the country is mired. With 40 percent of the nation’s citizens thinking foreign aid is one of the top two federal expenditures, we have a very long way to go before Americans are cleansed of the lies and misleading sound bites of the extremists and ready to tackle the problem. By then, it will be too late. Unless taxes are raised – and that’s not saying there should be no cutting of expenditures – but, I repeat, unless taxes are raised, America will be a second-order, or perhaps even third-order, nation by the end of this century.

It’s a long story with a simple lesson. Not only is the story long, it’s about taxes. Nonetheless, it’s worth reading. I’ve tried to shorten it without losing the message.

It begins with a TaxProf blog post about a Canadian couple who won a lottery and gave almost all of their winnings to charities. In his post, Paul Caron pointed out that if the couple lived in the United States, they would have a tax problem, because only 50 percent of their charitable contributions would be deductible, leaving them taxable on roughly half of their winnings. Roughly, because they did not give away all of their winnings and they probably would have other deductions; perhaps they have other taxable income. But, give or take a little bit, they would be paying federal income taxes.

A student in a course taught by another tax law professor saw the TaxProf blog post and directed that professor to this Wall Street Journal article. In the article, the author tries to explain that deciding whether to make charitable contributions in late 2010 or early 2011 isn’t as easy as it might appear. Though some advisors suggest waiting until 2011, when higher rates might generate larger tax savings that offset the reduction in the present value of the tax savings arising from the delay, there are other considerations that favor donating in 2010. The author then writes:

Another consideration is the absence of limits this year on itemized deductions for charitable giving. Limits tied to income will come back next year unless Congress acts to stop that.

When I saw that, my immediate thought was, “Whoa! Was there a tax law change that I missed? When the basic tax course reaches the charitable contributions deduction topic in a few days, will I be teaching the wrong law?” I stopped what I was doing and did some research, even though the tax law professor to whom the student had pointed out the Wall Street Journal article had noted that this was something of which she had been unaware. But perhaps she and I were wrong. When in doubt, research it.

What I discovered is that there is nothing in section 170 suspending the 50 percent limitation on charitable contributions to public charities. I found nothing in any amendment to section 170 suggesting such an outcome. I found nothing in uncodified legislation. I discovered that the people at Grant Thornton think the limits are still in place; Go to their Year-End Tax Guide For 2010, go to chapter 7, and from there go to the charitable contributions chart. I shared with my tax law professor colleagues across the nation not only the results of my research but this thought: “I wonder if it was a change in a limit on something else related to charitable contributions?”

In response, another tax law professor noted that he did not see anything in section 1400S, where, to quote him, “most of the [section] 170 percentage limitation suspension rules reside.” He also informed us that he and his co-authors had not discovered anything suspending the 50 percent limitation while they were preparing their current developments outline, which, as he explained, “requires reading every new tax provision.” This response was comforting. I, too, read every new tax provision and had not seen anything. The fact that, by this point, four of my colleagues across the country were reaching the same conclusion reduced the odds of my having missed something.

Another tax law professor suggested, “Perhaps it had to do with charitable contributions of IRA accounts.” Yet another colleague chimed in that it was “probably a reference to the temporary elimination of the income-based deduction phaseout in section 68.” That phaseout affects many more itemized deductions than charitable contributions, and has no effect on the 50 percent charitable contributions deduction limitation. This same law professor had taken the research effort in a different direction, sharing a link to the IRS web site, where the August 25, 2010, version of Publication 78 Help, Part II, describes the 50 percent charitable contributions limitation as still in effect.

Still another tax law professor opined that the author of the Wall Street Journal article must have been referring to the return of the section 68 phaseout. He explained that there have been some articles, such as this one from SmartMoney magazine that recommends increasing 2010 charitable giving, especially if the taxpayer’s only itemized deduction, or perhaps only significant itemized deduction, is charitable contributions. This professor then warned, “these sorts of articles can confuse people into thinking that the [section 68 phaseout] is only for charitable gifts, when in fact it applies to all itemized deductions.” Exactly. The lack of precision opens the door to misunderstandings.

Someone suggested that the student who brought the Wall Street Journal article to the attention of his professor be encouraged to contact the Wall Street Journal and identify the error. We’ve been told that the student has been so advised.

One way of checking out something that is alleged about taxes is to put the question to others who have expertise in the matter. That is what happened in this instance when the professor to whom the Wall Street Journal article was shown had doubts and asked her tax law professor colleagues throughout the country for their reactions. Unfortunately, most people, when hearing or reading something about taxes, simply treat the information as true. And therein lies the lesson.

Whether the misinformation is accidental, as I’m very certain is the case with the Wall Street Journal article, or deliberate, its impact can be damaging. It’s not just the taxpayers who accelerate or delay charitable giving when in fact they should have done the opposite. Sometimes a substantial portion of the electorate can go to the polls and make decisions based on deliberate misinformation with respect to taxes, as discussed in this analysis. The ultimate lesson for everyone, not just tax law professors, tax students, or tax practitioners, is to figure it out for one’s self, with the help of the source material and those with expertise in the matter. Otherwise, tax misinformation that needs to be stamped out will proliferate. There is no good to be found in that outcome.