MauledAgain

Back in March, I reacted to a proposal by then gubernatorial candidate Tom Wolf to change the Pennsylvania income tax so that high-income individuals would pay at rates higher than those paid by middle-income individuals, who in turn would pay at rates higher than those imposed on low-income individuals. In Pennsylvania’s Ban on Graduated Income Taxes: Credits and Exemptions, I explained that the core question is how such a proposal could be implemented given that the Pennsylvania Constitution prohibits a graduated income tax. That same Constitution allows for an exemption applicable to poverty-level-income individuals, which has the effect of subjecting them to lower tax rates than apply to the other individual taxpayers. In that post, I asked, “Does it make a difference if the effect of a graduated income tax is accomplished through a credit rather than an exemption? If the answer is yes, then how difficult would it be to switch from the proposed exemption to a larger credit available to more individuals?” I concluded with these words: “And depending on who is elected in the fall, it should be an interesting tax legislation season as 2015 opens. Stay tuned.”

Candidate Tom Wolf is now governor-elect Tom Wolf, soon to be Governor Tom Wolf. So his proposal has not faded away as do most proposals by candidates who lose elections. His proposal is now front and center. Several days ago, Professor Anthony C. Infanti picked up on the issue, in a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion commentary entitled “Reform Pa.’s flat tax rate.” Prof. Infanti points out the same obstacle that I noted, namely, that the proposal runs up against the provision in the Pennsylvania Constitution prohibiting graduated income taxes and limiting the exemption to poverty-level-incomes. He suggests it is time to amend the state’s constitution to permit graduated income tax rates. I agree. Every other state with an income tax manages quite well with graduated rates, free of what Prof. Infanti calls the “excessively rigid uniformity requirement” of the Pennsylvania Constitution. The alternative, retaining one rate but amending the state’s constitution to permit a variety of scaled exemptions, which does get pretty much to the same result, is cumbersome and much more difficult to finely tune.

Of course, there will be opposition to the proposal. In order for the very small percentage of individual taxpayers who would incur higher taxes to persuade the majority of taxpayers who would benefit from the proposal to campaign against the proposal, they will need to deceive the majority with misleading claims. They will allege that the proposal would raise taxes on the middle class. They will allege that the only fair tax is a flat tax. They will allege that a flat tax is a simpler tax. Those are some of the tactics used at the federal level, with varying degrees of success, so I would expect to see the same tactics unveiled in Pennsylvania when the governor presents a tax reform plan to the legislature. If explained properly, Pennsylvania voters might get the chance to figure out who their friends in the legislature are and are not.

Readers of MauledAgain know that I prefer paying now for necessary transportation infrastructure repairs rather than paying later. Though it is easy to find people who advise postponing paying bills for as long as possible, there are two considerations that make that advice dangerous. First, there is the cost of accidents, injuries, death, and property damage caused by defective transportation infrastructure during the period between when the repairs should be made and when, if at all, they are made. Second, the cost of the repairs continues to increase while the work is delayed. I’ve made this point, that it is foolish to choose short-term tax benefits that will bring overwhelming long-term costs, in posts such as Liquid Fuels Tax Increases on the Table, You Get What You Vote For, Zap the Tax Zappers, Potholes: Poster Children for Why Tax Increases Save Money, When Tax and User Fee Increases are Cheaper, Yet Another Reason Taxes and User Fee Increases Are Cheaper, When Potholes Meet Privatization, When Tax Cuts Matter More Than Pothole Repair, and An Unanswered Tax Question for the Letter Writer.

Earlier this week, in A Tax Policy Turn-Around, I commented on the trend, in states controlled by the anti-tax crowd, of slowing down or halting tax cuts. I pointed out that it will take time for attitudes to shift. But there now is more evidence that people, or at least some people, are figuring out that the anti-tax crowd consists of a parade of Pied Pipers. They are beginning to figure out that although government and taxes might not be a good deal for the wealthy, it’s better for the 99 percent than is the unelected corporate governance machine that the wealthy are trying to substitute for democracy.

Yesterday, as described in this report, the wholesale gasoline tax in Pennsylvania increased by 9.8 cents; a comparable increase affected other liquid fuels. The money will be used to repair more than 80 bridges and more than 1,600 miles of roads. A spokesperson for the Department of Transportation pointed out the obvious: “[M]ost drivers . . . want their pavements smooth and their bridges in a state of good repair.” Though it is unclear how much of the increase will show up at the pump, if the entire increase is passed on to drivers, a person who drives 12,000 miles a year in a vehicle getting 24 miles per gallon will pay an additional $49. That’s quite a good deal, considering that the alternative is hundreds, perhaps even more than a thousand, dollars in repairs from hitting potholes or other road hazards. And compared to the cost of being on a bridge when it collapses, it’s a grand bargain.

What can a state legislature do when it needs money to fix its transportation infrastructure? There are all sorts of taxation choices, but Virginia’s legislature, as described in this report, decided that it would require out-of-state retailers to collect use taxes owed by Virginia residents under the existing use tax statutes. As I have explained in previous posts, such as How Difficult Is It to Understand Use Taxes?, and Apparently, It’s Rather Difficult to Understand Use Taxes, states ought not be compelling out-of-state retailers having no connection with the state to do their tax collection work. And absent authorization from the Congress, states are not permitted to do that. The Virginia legislature, however, confident that the Congress would enact pending legislation permitting states to force out-of-state retailers to do their collection work, decided to fund its transportation infrastructure repairs with the revenues it expected to collect once Congress permitted forcing out-of-state retailers to do the collection work.

But, as these stories go, Congress did not pass the pending legislation. The Virginia legislature, though, had included in its legislation an alternative revenue source in the event that the federal legislation was not enacted. There’s no indication how many legislators voted for this “backup tax plan” thinking that it was unlikely to happen. Under the backup plan, the tax on wholesale gasoline sales increase by 5 cents per gallon. Surely this will be passed on at the retail level.

Interestingly, one of the opponents in Congress to enactment of the federal legislation is from Virginia. He had told state officials that the federal legislation was controversial and had been batted around for years. He told them “it was foolish . . . to count on revenues from a bill that” had not become law, and that they “should not assume legislation would be enacted within their time frame.”

With gasoline prices dropping, motorists might not notice the 5-cent per gallon increase. On the other hand, there’s a good argument that motorists face a higher fuels tax because their fellow citizens are not paying use taxes that they ought to be paying. If Virginia needs revenue, why not enforce the existing use tax law? To the extent that it costs too much money to collect the use tax, the legislature ought to re-think the wisdom of relying on a tax structure, namely the sales and use tax system, that is difficult to administer, inefficient, and regressive. There are better alternatives. Imposing involuntary tax collection servitude on out-of-state retailers with no say in whether the tax exists, its rates, or the scope of items to which it applies is wrong. And relying on the hope that Congress will let states do that indeed is foolish. Counting chickens before they hatch is risky, whether on the farm, in the derivatives market, or during a tax policy session.

Readers of MauledAgain know that I do not subscribe to the theory that tax cuts for the wealthy will trickle down and improve the economic condition of everyone. What has happened with tax cuts for the wealthy is a downturn in the economic status of everyone but the wealthy, not only in terms of household income and household wealth, but also in terms of public goods and services, such as transportation infrastructure, education, and health services. Though I have focused for the most part on the federal income tax cuts for the wealthy, similar tax cuts were enacted in states under control of the same political party that brought us the federal tax cuts.

Among the states that jumped on the “tax cuts for the wealthy” bandwagon, encouraged by campaign contributions from the wealthy, was Kansas. The folks who were running Kansas, under the leadership of governor Sam Brownback, chopped taxes for the wealthy. What happened? The rich got richer. The Kansas economy stagnated. Public services were impaired. The people of Kansas woke up, realized they had been sold a pig in a poke, and almost voted Brownback out of office in a state that is overwhelmingly Republican.

Now comes news, in a report by Rachael Bade, that other Republican governors are taking heed. She explains that Ohio governor John Kasich is advancing a tax plan that protects “against revenue gaps.” The Republican governors of Wisconsin and Arizona are delaying their goal of axing the income tax. Republicans in Missouri, stymied in their attempts to match the Brownback tax cuts in Kansas, are expressing gratitude for having had their plans thwarted. Republicans in Georgia and Iowa are moving much more slowly than planned in their respective attempts to gut state income taxes.

In Indiana, the senate majority leader is calling the experience “a cautionary tale on a national scale.” He then makes a statement similar to what I have been writing as I cautioned against these reckless tax cuts: “ We all like low taxes … but we have to ensure the stability of a revenue stream to provide basic services that our citizens expect.”

For the moment, Republicans have not abandoned the supply-side nonsense advocated by Arthur Laffer, the instigator who sold Republicans on the disproven theory that cutting revenue will increase revenue. Instead, they are talking about slowing down the speed with which cuts are adopted, shrinking the size of the cuts, and backing away from promising that tax cuts will solve problems. In Kansas, Republicans admit that they may need to undo at least some of the tax cuts. Ohio’s governor, for example, will not produce a plan that assumes revenue growth generated by tax cuts for the wealthy. One Republican was unwilling to admit that “the Laffer theory is disproven,” but then confessed that in his state “revenue numbers aren’t as robust as we need.” No kidding. Another Republican advised his colleagues to warn voters that “not all tax cuts pay for themselves.” No kidding. It’s fun to watch themes, warnings, and words from MauledAgain pop up in the mouths of the tax-cut fans. Unfortunately, some Republicans are still talking about the wealthy as being “job creators” even though it is now more widely understood that what creates jobs is demand from consumers, who far outnumber the handful of wealthy getting tax cuts.

One device that some Republicans are considering is a trigger mechanism that stops planned tax cuts if revenues fall short. I like that idea. I think it ought to go further. I think that tax cuts should be returnable, that is, if the jobs don’t appear, the people who promised to create jobs, or who paid politicians to make that promise for them, should pay a penalty in the form of the previously received tax cuts plus interest.

It’s true that Republicans haven’t yet reversed course. It takes time to make a U-turn. But it seems Republicans are slowing down the tax cut bandwagon and are changing its course. Even if it doesn’t do a one-eighty, perhaps Republicans will realize that the best way to create jobs and fuel the economy is to cut taxes for consumers, very few of whom are beneficiaries of tax cuts for the wealthy.

It’s all a matter of practical politics. If a Republican tax-cutter can barely squeak by in a re-election campaign in one of the most Republican states in the country, what will happen to his counterparts in states that are barely Republican? The writing on the wall has been read, at least by the members of the party who still have their wits about them and aren’t running around the country spewing forth idiotic economic theories and bizarre social concepts. Tax policy: never a dull moment.

However this story turns out, it seems absurd that a member of Congress who pleads guilty to tax evasion would not immediately resign. Even if Representative Michael Grimm eventually gives in to the calls for his resignation or is removed in some way from holding office, his failure to step down as part of the plea is an affront to hard-working Americans who do their best to comply with the tax law. To remain in office is equivalent to sitting on a local township board of supervisors that enacts ordinances placing stop signs at certain intersections, and then driving through them without stopping. If the lawmaker is unwilling to comply with the law, how can the lawmaker expect anyone to refrain from being a lawbreaker? Oh, wait, perhaps that’s the game. If a member of a legislature does not like a law, and fails to persuade enough of the other legislators to repeal it, then simply break the law and encourage others to do the same. That’s an exaltation of de facto legislation trumping de jure legislation, which is a terrible aspect of people, especially politicians and their masters, putting themselves above the law.

The crime to which Grimm pled guilty carries a sentence of up to three years in prison. How can Grimm carry out the duties of his office if he is sitting in a prison? As an aside, why is his sentencing delayed until June 8? Does it take almost half a year to decide what should be done?

Grimm claims that the charges are “trumped up”. He was charged with hiding income from a business. Has he offered evidence that all of the income was properly reported? Surely if that’s the case he would have a wonderful opportunity to make fools of the prosecutors who brought the case. That he hasn’t is no surprise, for a public “servant” who has threatened reporters and has a long list of other criminal charges pending against him. Yet somehow, this guy was re-elected. What message does that send about law, society, and civilization?

I’m torn between being pleased and being disgusted. The confusion was sparked by a report I heard several mornings ago on the local news station, though I cannot find an online version of the report. That disconnect between what a radio station airs and what it puts online is a topic for another time and another blog, though not mine.

Why would I be pleased? The gist of the report was advice to people who sell things on eBay. The advice was good. The reporter explained that if a person sells something on eBay for more than they paid for the item, the difference is a profit that is subject to income tax. The reporter also explained that most of the things people sell that have been piling up in their garages don’t generate profits, and thus don’t trigger income tax issues, because these people generally sell the items for less than they paid for them. The reporter also noted that if a person receives money for performing services advertised on eBay, or any other website for that matter, the money is subject to income tax. I’m pleased because at least someone has picked up on the message I shared almost ten years ago, in The First Ten Tax Urban Legends.

Why would I be disgusted? Well, the reporter started the story with an example of something that has been sold, or was being sold, on eBay. According to the reporter, and I found several stories, including this one, someone scooped up vomit from a roadside after someone named Harry Styles unloaded the contents of his stomach, and then put it for sale. I confess I don’t know who Harry Styles is, or at least I didn’t until I did some research for this blog post, but the idea of scooping up someone’s vomit, let alone engaging in the packaging and shipping integral to selling it, turns my stomach. Turns out he is a singer, songwriter, and member of a boy band. Someone somewhere is going to discover that their child has invested in a pop star’s vomit. Maybe civilization indeed is heading into the cosmic toilet bowl.

Thankfully, I’m past the point in my career where I would try to impress the tax world by writing a law review article on The Taxation of Vomit Sales. I wouldn’t even dare to make it an exam question, even though there’s a point to be made that the income tax in its present condition is enough to make people sick to their stomachs.

It could have been worse. At least I wasn’t eating a meal when the report came on the radio.

The governor-elect of Pennsylvania included in his campaign platform a promise to seek imposition of a severance tax on the energy companies producing natural gas in Pennsylvania. Not surprisingly, as reported in this story, those companies have fired back, claiming that an extraction tax “would harm the state’s economy” and have “a crippling effect on jobs.” Using a line offered by every industry opposing a tax, a spokesperson argued that the governor-elect’s plan “threatens to stifle energy production and the jobs that go with it.” This claim is shopworn and disproven.

Consider that every other state in which gas companies are extracting natural gas has a severance tax. The companies continue to do business in those states, continue to retain and hire workers in those states, and continue to thrive. They are doing so well that they are contributing to the decline in oil prices and the reduction of funds flowing to non-domestic oil producers.

The governor-elect’s plan includes removal of the makeshift impact fee imposed on the gas companies. Thus, the amount in question is not the full amount of revenue expected to be raised by the proposed severance tax but a net amount, taking into account the impact fees that no longer would be paid.

And what would happen with the revenues from the severance tax? Consider the possibilities, which are not mutually exclusive. It could be used to pay for infrastructure repair and improvements required by the consequences of extracting and transporting natural gas, such as road and bridge deterioration and environmental destruction. Doing so would create thousands of jobs in a variety of industries. Those workers would in turn pay taxes on their salaries, and the businesses from whom they would purchase goods and services would also pay taxes on their profits. The benefits would multiply. The revenue could be used to reduce other taxes, which would permit those taxpayers to purchase goods and services, in turn generating more sales tax and income tax revenues.

There is work that needs to be done, and it won’t get done if no one pays for that work. To the extent that the gas companies contribute to the need for that work to be done, jobs aren’t created when the bulk of the revenue is transported out of state. There may be arguments focusing on the appropriate severance tax rate, requiring analysis of the environmental and infrastructure costs triggered by gas extraction. If the gas companies have work that needs to be done, they will continue to hire and retain employees to do that work.

One of my favorite examples of tax misinformation is the persistent claim that the Internal Revenue Code is a gargantuan multi-million word compilation that fills thousands of pages. Though the tax code surely is a monstrous thing, the monstrosity arises from the content. It doesn’t take very many words to generate misguided content.

My first foray into the “size of the tax code” issue occurred more than ten years ago in Bush Pages Through the Tax Code?. I revisited the issue many times, starting with Anyone Want to Count the Words in the Internal Revenue Code?, and continuing with Tax Commercial’s False Facts Perpetuates Falsehood, How Tax Falsehoods Get Fertilized, How Difficult Is It to Count Tax Words, A Slight Improvement in the Code Length Articulation Problem, Tax Ignorance Gone Viral, Weighing the Size of the Internal Revenue Code, Reader Weighs In on Weighing the Code, Code-Size Ignorance Knows No Boundaries, Code-Sized Ignorance Discussion Also Is Growing, and The Scary Specter of Code Size Ignorance.

Several days ago, I came across the wonderfully titled 20 Really Stupid Things In The U.S. Tax Code. Although the author points out a variety of tax law provisions and their impacts that truly are stupid, the claim that the Code is “now over 4 million words, 9,000 bloated pages” goes too far. As I explained in Anyone Want to Count the Words in the Internal Revenue Code?, the Internal Revenue Code consists of roughly 2,000 pages and approximately 400,000 words. Sitting behind me is a two-volume edition of the Code, which contains not only the actual Code but also legislative history and non-codified amendments. Of the 5300 pages in the two volumes, more than half consists of material that is not part of the Code (but that is included because it was at one time part of the Code or explains how or why something in the Code was added or how or why something that had been in the Code was removed.

What’s really stupid about the Internal Revenue Code is that most of what is in it need not be in it. But even after removing the junk, it won’t become the 27-page version that existed in 1913. The economy, business transactions, and financial activities are far more complicated than they were a century ago.

Last weekend a news story revealed the results of a poll of New Jersey residents. Asked for a reaction to increased fuel taxes to pay for repair of deteriorating transportation infrastructure and improvements to highways and bridges, 58 percent replied in the negative. One respondent stated, “We don’t need it.” It’s unclear whether this person was using the singular pronoun it to refer to taxes in the plural, or to the notion of transportation repairs and improvements. No matter which of the two choices was the person’s intent, the respondent is wrong.

As I pointed out late last month, in An Unanswered Tax Question for the Letter Writer, and in previous posts, including Liquid Fuels Tax Increases on the Table, You Get What You Vote For, Zap the Tax Zappers, Potholes: Poster Children for Why Tax Increases Save Money, When Tax and User Fee Increases are Cheaper, Yet Another Reason Taxes and User Fee Increases Are Cheaper, When Potholes Meet Privatization, and When Tax Cuts Matter More Than Pothole Repair, the nation’s transportation system is falling apart, and the cost of doing too little or nothing far exceeds, in economic terms, the cost of paying for what we use. Toss in the emotional cost of the deaths and injuries caused by collapsing bridges and broken roads, and the foolishness of letting the nation crumble is readily apparent. Of course, the costs would have been lower had we not postponed, year after year, necessary maintenance, and I wonder how many people who object to fixing the mess were part of the problem that created the mess, by holding firm to the “pay nothing to get whatever you want” mentality that they are quick to criticize when allegedly demonstrated by others but that they cannot see when they look in the mirror.

There once was a commercial with the tag line, “You can pay me now, or pay me later.” Slightly revised, it can apply to the infrastructure taxation issue. You can pay $50 now, or pay $500 later. Worse, for some unfortunate people, it can be revised yet again. You can pay $50 now, or you can pay later, with your life or limb.

Yes, respondent, we do need it, and it. We need infrastructure repairs and we need to pay for them.

For as long as I can remember, I wanted to be an educator, and for many years, I have been one. People ask me why. My answer is simple. Something deep inside me is annoyed, frustrated, disappointed, and even angry when I observe ignorance, or worse, the effects of ignorance. Ignorance kills. Ignorance leads to bad decisions. Ignorance generates nothing valuable. The notion that ignorance is bliss is a distraction created by those who benefit from someone else’s ignorance in the short-term, too ignorant to understand what will happen in the long-term.

Readers of this blog know that no small portion of my posts address tax ignorance. Considering how tax issues are entangled in the roots of civilization, tax ignorance poses a threat to societal success. It’s not just tax ignorance, of course, that threatens everyone, including the liberty claimed by so many who wallow in ignorance of what liberty costs. Ignorance is fertilized by a deteriorating education system, a biased media, and the deliberate and unwitting circulation of lies and stupidities by political operatives and naïve citizens.

The evidence of this growing danger to the republic popped up recently in the results of a survey conducted by Bloomberg Politics with respect to the federal budget deficit. When asked whether the annual deficit was growing, shrinking, or remaining the same, 73 percent said it was growing, up from 62 percent who selected that response two years ago. On the other hand, whereas two years ago 6 percent said it was shrinking, in the recent poll 21 percent gave that response. The correct answer, of course, to those who pay attention, is that the annual federal budget deficit has been shrinking.

So why do so many Americans give the wrong answer? It’s simple. Those who benefit from stirring up visions of financial collapse, runaway deficits, and hordes of lazy people grabbing entitlements have been peppering this nation with erroneous information, yes, propaganda, ever since the nation sent the architects of the 2007-2008 financial mess a ballot message. I suppose if you can’t win control of the nation by doing something productive, the next best thing is to lie one’s way into office with the assistance of the big money machines. Those machines, by the way, contribute far more to the federal budget deficit than do the people trying to eke out a living and feed their children.

And what is the ultimate goal? Here’s an example. How about letting multi-employer pension plans cut benefits to existing retirees? That’s what Congress is about to enact. Why? They claim spending needs to be cut. I wonder how many retirees facing a cut in their benefits will be angry, and I wonder how many will admit to having voted for those who are doing this to them. I wonder how many did research. I wonder how many were so beholden to some theoretical issue or some biased perspective that they ended up cutting off their noses to spite their faces.

As I’ve said, one gets what one votes for. Ignorance makes it far more likely that what one gets isn’t what one thought one was going to get, because when a person votes for what they think they’re getting but it isn’t what it appears to be, they’re a victim of the ignorance campaign. The unfortunate aspect of this tragedy is that ignorance is easy to defeat. Education, remembering that education isn’t what you hear at the corner bar, read on facebook, or hear when the politicians issue their talking points. To paraphrase my parents, God gave us brains and expects us to use them.

There’s something not quite right in the collective psyche of the anti-government-spending crowd. Enraged by high taxes, they manage to put into office, and keep in office, people who dish out tax revenues as though there were no limits on taxation. Of course, the tax breaks go to those who are in least need of economic assistance. Their excuse, that they will use the tax breaks to help those in need, is hilarious, because the best way to help those in need is to direct assistance directly to them so that they can infuse those dollars into the economy. That makes the economy grow. Handing tax dollars to those who don’t need financial assistance is nothing more than helping some people grow their Swiss bank stash.

An excellent example of this flawed approach to taxation and governance exists in New Jersey. In When the Poor Need Help, Give Tax Dollars to the Rich, I criticized the decision by New Jersey’s Governor Christie to dish out tax credits to the Philadelphia 76ers in return for the team moving its practice facility to Camden. The state claimed that by giving away $82 million over 10 years it would get back $77 million over 35 years. That doesn’t add up, except for the private sector corporations and wealthy individuals who pocket the difference, which surely is much more than it appears to be. Why? Although these sorts of giveaways to the wealthy are defended by claims of job creation, the fact of the matter is that they simply move jobs from one state to another. In some cases, such as the 76ers, employees simply go to a new work location. In other cases, for every unemployed person who ends up with a job, someone, somewhere, finds himself or herself on the unemployment line.

Then, a few months later, in Fighting Over Pie or Baking Pie?, I criticized Christie’s decision to hand over more than $100 million in tax breaks to Lockheed Martin, which would transfer some employees from their current location to Camden, and to fork over $260 million to Holtec International. Again, the claim that somehow this money will find its way to those truly in need is seen for what it really is once it is understood that from the perspective of the taxpayer, this is a zero-sum game. In the end, whatever new jobs are created in Camden are offset by jobs lost elsewhere, either in New Jersey or in another state. For the nation, it amounts to a fight over pie rather than the baking of additional pies. The only folks who can play this game are those with enough spare cash to hand over huge campaign contributions to the “anti-spending” politicians who say one thing and do another.

And now comes news that yet another huge corporation is jumping on the tax break giveaway bandwagon. Subaru will get $118 million in tax breaks for moving its headquarters from Cherry Hill, New Jersey, to Camden, New Jersey. So how many Camden residents, almost all of whom are poor or destitute, will get jobs at that headquarters? I daresay none. I disagree with the false hope of the Camden city councilman who said, “There’s more jobs, hopefully, for our city residents.” What new jobs? Subaru employees are moving from one building to another. Some Subaru employees might have a slightly longer, or perhaps slightly shorter, commute. The employees working at the headquarters will stop at the same convenience store in the morning to get their coffee, and go to the same restaurants in the evening for dinner. Even their favorite lunchtime spots, if they dine out-of-office, will continue to get their patronage.

In the meantime, the residents of Camden continue to struggle. They continue to listen to proposals to cut their benefits, cut education spending, and cut job training spending. They hear themselves being called takers, selfish people claiming entitlements. They are criticized because they are deemed to be responsible for what is considered by some to be excessive government spending. And now they get to watch the state government toss tax revenue at an increasingly profitable private corporation so that it can build a building that none of them stand much of a chance of entering, let alone finding a job in it.

In recent years, in part because of economic conditions, an increasing number of people have turned to do-it-yourself projects. If the do-it-yourselfer has the skills and the time, there is much to be said in favor of taking this approach. Aside from money issues, there is, at least for some people, the satisfaction of having accomplished something, whether it is cleaning the gutters, building a garage, fixing a leaking toilet, or replacing windows. But sometimes, doing it yourself can be dangerous.

When I teach the basic tax course and the basic wills and trusts course, I warn students that there will be clients who bring them difficult issues because someone else decided to write their own will or do their own tax planning and created a mess. It is, I explain, more difficult to clean up a mess than it is to prevent the mess in the first place. But, I caution, they won’t always have the chance to help the client prevent the mess.

The example I use, half in jest and half seriously, is the idea of doing what I call a “self appendectomy.” Students usually react in horror. Then I tell them, “Self surgery happened.” I tell them about the boater who, with help from a physician via email, operated on himself. In looking for that link, I discovered that auto-surgery, though not a common event, has happened over the centuries. If you are curious, check out this list. I’ll leave the medical expense deduction questions to those looking for examination questions to pose to their students.

Now comes news, in the 2014 Office of Professional Responsibility Report, that suggests do-it-yourself tax preparation might not be that bad of an idea. According to the report:

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) addressed tax preparer competency in a recent report, GAO-14-467T, to the Senate Finance Committee. In its report, the GAO noted that 45 percent of preparers were subject to regulation by the IRS because they were attorneys, certified public accountants or enrolled agents, while 55 percent were subject to no regulation. It conducted site visits to 19 preparers and found that only two calculated the correct tax refund for its sample return. Although this is a small sample, GAO also found that some preparers did not even prepare the correct type of return.

The GAO concluded that its findings in this study are consistent with the results of GAO’s analysis of IRS’ National Research Program (NRP) database from tax years 2006 through 2009, which showed that both individuals and preparers make errors on tax returns. Most surprising, even startling, is that tax returns prepared by preparers had a higher estimated percent of errors—60 percent—than self-prepared returns—50 percent.

I confess that I would not have guessed that individuals doing their own tax returns make fewer errors than do tax return preparers. That’s just not what I would have expected.

More study would be helpful. Are the error rates among tax return preparers the same across the board, or do they vary depending on the preparer’s training and affiliation? How many individuals do their own taxes because they had a previous unfavorable experience with a tax return preparer? Are the types of errors the same? Do they involve the same issues or different issues? How many of the errors reflect fraud? Question, questions, questions. These present research projects for tax students looking for something to study as they prepare their theses or dissertations, and for tax faculty who need something about which to write. No, not me. I have other things to do. Yes, I have a list of do-it-yourself projects, including tax tasks.

Readers of this blog know that I am not a fan of permitting states to impose on out-of-state retailers the burden of collecting use taxes that are owed by residents. As this issue has resurfaced and taken center stage, I again tried to focus attention on what the issues actually are. Several weeks ago in How Difficult Is It to Understand Use Taxes?, and last week, in Apparently, It’s Rather Difficult to Understand Use Taxes, I explained that the issue does not involve sales taxes, does not involve new taxes, and exists beyond the confines of the internet. The solution, I propose, is for states to compensate out-of-state retailers for acting as tax collectors if those retailers choose to do so.

Thus, it was annoying to read the headline on the latest missive from the Institute for Policy Innovation. The commentary is headlined To Grow The Economy, Reject New Internet Taxes. Surely this is designed to strike an emotional chord in the vast majority of people who don’t like taxes. But the taxes are not new. Not by a long shot, as I have explained.

The disappointment is that the IPI makes good arguments. It points out the Constitutional impediments to requiring an out-of-state retailer with no contacts with a state to collect taxes for that state. It describes the administrative burdens of trying to comply with the use tax requirements of thousands of taxing jurisdictions. It draws attention to the fact that individual out-of-state retailers cannot vote in those other states. But those arguments are overshadowed by the reality of the issue.

What the commentary misses is that states willing to make an effort to collect use taxes can do so now no matter what the Congress does. Some states have been increasing their attempts, but generally enforcement of the existing tax is lax. Thus, painting this issue as a “new tax” issue distracts from a stronger argument that is more likely to bring support to the position that IPI advocates.

Imagine the reaction if the headline was Congress Ready to Let States Force Non-Resident Business Do Their Tax Collection Work. Would this spotlight on forced labor not bring the same sort of reaction that would be generated if a state tried to get nonresidents to shovel its sidewalks or collect its residents’ trash? That’s what this issue involves, and putting the spotlight on it would make it easier to squash this “do our work for us” mentality.

A recent Tax Court decision illustrates how tax law intrudes on what otherwise would appear to be the simplest of things. Imagine owning a rental vacation home. Imagine renting the vacation home to your brother or sister use the home for seven days. That’s a nice thing to do. For the family. But it’s not a nice thing to do for one’s tax situation.

The outcome in Van Malssen v. Comr. provides a road map for a journey taxpayers ought not to take. The taxpayers owned a vacation condominium, which needed some work. Focusing on 2008, the year in which the taxpayers permitted the husband’s brother to use the unit, the husband spent 81 days at the condominium, using 67 of those days to do repairs and maintenance, and the other 14 for personal purposes. The taxpayers rented the unit for 10 days to unrelated parties. The taxpayers claimed losses on their income tax return, reflecting the excess of rental deductions over gross rental income. The IRS disallowed the deductions to the extent they exceeded the gross income, taking the position that section 280A applied because the taxpayers used the residence for more than 14 days.

There is no question that days used by the taxpayer to do repairs and maintenance do not count as personal use days in determining whether the taxpayer used the dwelling unit as a residence. But there also is no question that personal use by members of the taxpayers family, which for this purposes includes siblings, is treated as personal use by the taxpayer, unless the family member pays fair rental and uses the dwelling unit as a principal residence. In this case, the dwelling unit was not the brother’s principal residence. Thus, the seven days of use by the brother are counted as personal use. This, along with the recharacterization of several of the travel days as personal use days, bringing the total to 24, which in turn triggers the limitation of section 280A(c)(5), essentially disallowing the rental deductions that exceed the rental gross income.

The lesson is simple. Taxpayers who are trying to avoid the rental deduction limitations must make certain that the days of personal use do not exceed the greater of 14 days or ten percent of fair rental days. The example I used when teaching the basic federal income tax class was the family that rented out the vacation home for 120 days during the summer, used it for 14 days, and then discovers that one of the older teenagers in the family used the property for a party during the fall, pushing the personal use total over the limit. The idea of thinking “What will this do to my tax situation?” when deciding whether to let a family member use the property, even if charged rent, surely strikes most people as silly, considering that most people would not even think of thinking about the tax aspect. As I told my students, after taking the Torts course, law students find themselves thinking differently as they work their way through the normal activities of life. The same can be said for other areas of the law, and those versed in taxation often let that “What will this do to my tax situation?” question run through their minds. But imagine the reaction when you say, “I can’t rent the vacation home to you because of tax constraints.” Most people will think you are making up an excuse for not being nice.

One thing that I do not understand about this case is the lack of any reference to section 280A(g). That provision requires excluding all rental income from gross income and disallowing all rental deductions other than those allowable in any event such as mortgage interest and real estate taxes if the “dwelling unit is used during the taxable year by the taxpayer as a residence and such dwelling unit is actually rented for less than 15 days during the taxable year.” In this case, for 2008, the taxpayer used the unit as a residence because the 24 days of personal use exceeded the limits. It was rented for 10 days. The brother’s days of use were treated as personal use days. The opinion does not mention this issue. My guess is that the parties did not raise it. Would it have made a difference? At first glance, it might appear that it would not. The bottom line of zero rental gross income and zero rental deductions is the same as the bottom line of rental deductions limited to, and thus equal to, rental gross income. But at second glance, the disallowed deductions are carried over to the following year, whereas there is nothing to carry over if section 280A(g) applies.

A little more than a week ago, in How Difficult Is It to Understand Use Taxes?, I reflected on recent Philadelphia Inquirer commentary supporting the extension of the moratorium of the collection of sales taxes by out-of-state retailers. Though I agreed with the author that it makes no sense to require an online retailer to collect sales taxes for a state with which the retailer has no connection, because brick-and-mortar retailers are not required to do so, I did take exception to some misstatements that confuse the discussion.

It is important to understand that when a purchase is made by a consumer in a state other than the consumer’s state of residence, the consumer owes a USE TAX, and not a SALES TAX. The reason this distinction is important is that retailers are responsible to collect sales taxes if they are present in, or have a sufficient connection with, the purchaser’s state of residence. Otherwise, it is the consumer who is responsible for paying the use tax. Too few consumers do so, unless forced to do so by practical circumstances, such as the titling of a vehicle or boat.

It has now become clear, from reports such as this one, that brick-and-mortar retailers are pushing for legislation that would bury the moratorium and require online retailers to collect use taxes under circumstances not applicable to brick-and-mortar retailers. Though arguing that the present situation is “unfair,” lobbyists for the brick-and-mortar retailers make no mention of the fact that a brick-and-mortar retailer in, for example, Delaware, has no obligation to collect use tax from a Pennsylvania customer. So why should the online retailer located in Delaware have such an obligation? Is that fair? Reading their arguments persuades me that they either don’t understand how the sales and use tax system works, or that they do but are “overlooking” salient features in order to reset the competitive balance. For example, when a Massachusetts retailer complains about the Delaware online retailer who isn’t required to collect the use tax, he makes no mention of the Delaware brick-and-mortar retailer who also is not required to collect the use tax, and would still not be required to do so even if the legislation being pushed by the brick-and-mortar stores is enacted.

The answer is so simple I ought to be surprised that no one has presented it in a formal proposal. But I’m not, because the Congress has taught me that it understands and can accomplish little, if anything, about taxes, or for that matter, most other things. States wanting out-of-state retailers, of any type, to collect use taxes need to pay them to do so. Isn’t that how the free market is supposed to work?

And that is why I answered my question from Friday a week ago as I have. As simple as it is, somehow it becomes extremely difficult when the politicians sit down to learn. Scary.

If, as John Godfrey Saxe said in a quote often misattributed to Otto von Bismarck, “Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in proportion as we know how they are made,” then understanding how tax law is made resembles learning how much mold, maggots, and rodent filth enters into the nation’s food supply. In a ritual that unfortunately has become the norm, tax provisions are enacted for periods of one or two years, so that their renewal provides leverage for members of Congress to extract campaign contributions from those who benefit from the provisions. The flaw in this perverted method of caring for the nation through legislation is that it takes money for this to function, and we know who has the money and who doesn’t.

The latest development in this mockery of democracy has taken center stage, as the year nears its end and there is one final chance to renew tax provisions that expired at the end of last year. As is often the case, word leaked out from negotiations taking place in the back rooms of Capitol Hill, where lobbyists interested only in the well-being of their interest groups engage in a battle detrimental to the national economy. This time around, according to various news reports, including this one, the tax provisions that will live another day are those that benefit businesses, mostly large ones, and wealthy individuals. Tax breaks for the poor and lower middle-class are on legislative death row.

For example, among the tax breaks to be renewed are those for owners of race horses, owners of NASCAR facilities, and producers of coal. It doesn’t take the mind of Einstein to make the connections, does it? And lest anyone think this is a partisan issue, both Democrats and Republicans engage in this nonsense, because politicians of both parties live for the next campaign contribution dollar. The outrageousness of what they are doing becomes clear once one realizes that the cost of this legislative gaming could reach half a trillion dollars, to be financed by increasing the national debt. That’s the same national debt that members of Congress decry as being too large. Of course it’s too large, except when it comes to giving payback to the campaign contribution donors.

It’s no wonder that the poor, working families, and politically disempowered are being sacrificed for the benefit of the one percent. Of course, with 70 percent of the 99 percent sitting back, understandably disgusted but unacceptably disengaged, the outcome is inevitable. Though criticized by those who had the chance, but failed, to step up and end the foul Congressional legislative process, the proposal’s enactment would add to the Congressional ineffectiveness that so disenchants working families and the poor.

The current draft, which may or may not emerge from those closed-door meetings, faces the threat of an Obama veto. Supposedly, the administration is annoyed not only with Republicans but also with Democrats who, for example, support a tax break that benefits residents of a handful of states, including Nevada, home of the current Senate majority leader. Whether a veto, or the threat of one, would generate a more equitable arrangement is unclear. What it would not do is put an end to the vote-selling that the tax legislative process aids and abets. It’s an unpatriotic approach to legislation. Unfortunately, it’s not an impeachable offense. The best way to clean up a stinking mess is to wipe out the source of the smell. America, for all of its griping about the foul odor, doesn’t seem to understand how to clean house. Until it does so, the nation will wallow in tax legislative filth.

Over the past few years I have pointed to the existence of bad roads as a lesson in the foolishness of alleged short-term tax cut benefits being swamped by short-term and long-term costs triggered by failing infrastructure. I made this point in posts such as Liquid Fuels Tax Increases on the Table, You Get What You Vote For, Zap the Tax Zappers, Potholes: Poster Children for Why Tax Increases Save Money, When Tax and User Fee Increases are Cheaper, Yet Another Reason Taxes and User Fee Increases Are Cheaper, When Potholes Meet Privatization, and When Tax Cuts Matter More Than Pothole Repair. On Sunday evening, the dangers of infrastructure deterioration was highlighted on 60 Minutes.

On Sunday, the Philadelphia Inquirer published a letter from Jim Grealy of Cherry Hill, New Jersey, who complained that in the winter of 2013-2014, he “had to replace a tire and two wheels due to road damage, at a total cost of $1,400.” His insurance refused coverage and the township, responsible for maintain roads, also refused compensation. Grealy points out that wherever he travels, there are potholes and rough roads. He suggests that tire companies are paying to have pothole repairs cancelled. It’s not just him, as he reports his tire dealer has been struggling to keep up with the repairs that its customers need.

Most of what Grealy shares is not news to me, or to anyone who reads this blog, or looks closely at the news. One thing that he did share that adjusts my thinking is the cost of fixing two wheels and a tire. I had been thinking in the three-digit range. It’s worse than I thought, and that strengthens my basic point. In the long run, it is cheaper to pay an increased highway use tax than it is to parade behind the pied pipers of tax reduction and elimination of government.

Grealy writes, “I pay a lot in taxes to get things like this fixed, so where is that money going?” The answer is simple. The amount of money being paid in highway use taxes, including the gasoline and other liquid fuels taxes, is nowhere near enough to pay for the cost of widespread infrastructure deterioration. A very small portion of the taxes that anyone, including Grealy, pays is devoted to highway repair for the simple reason that dedicated highway repair taxes are miniscule in the grand scheme of things. But that doesn’t keep politicians from accumulating votes with the promise of tax cuts.

Grealy doesn’t tell us whether he votes for or against increased highway funding. He doesn’t tell us whether he votes for or against politicians who want to gut the public sector so that their private sector friends can suck even more money out of the pockets of citizens who have no voting recourse against the private sector. He doesn’t tell us whether he is someone who understands the point I’ve been making and has become yet another victim of the pied pipers, or is a worshipper of the pied piper who has discovered the true consequences of a bad philosophy. If it’s the former, I feel sorry that he has been economically disadvantaged by the very thing against which he has cautioned. If it’s the latter, I feel sorry that he has to learn the lesson the expensive way, and I’m not sure yet that he has learned the lesson.

He left no email address in his signature as many letter writers do. Perhaps he will see this and send a response. Either way, it could be a productive conversation. In the meantime, it makes sense for every other driver to think about these things. Your $1,400 invoice, a result of saving $50 in gasoline tax hikes, is just around the corner. And as I pointed out in When Tax Cuts Matter More Than Pothole Repair. in which I discussed an accident triggered by a pothole and causing injuries, “It is far better to pay taxes and user fees to fix potholes than to be saddled with the much higher cost of lost lives, crippling injuries, and property damage caused by potholes.”

I close with the conclusion from that same post: “A nation with crumbling infrastructure, unrepaired because of strange fixations on the tax hatred, cannot defend itself or its people. The failure of so-called leaders to protect those to whom fiduciary duties are owed is at the root of the problem, and until those leaders are replaced by people willing to shut down the bribery and disassemble the gerrymandering, the potholes will continue to injure and kill people, destroy property, and make people miserable. The nation gets what the nation votes for.”

A few years ago, in a sermon, the then pastor of my church, a former English teacher, pointed out that he was bothered by the increasing use of “No, thank YOU!” as a response to saying “Thank you” to someone. Somehow, a phrase which most of us have been conditioned to use as a way of declining an offer has become part of a struggle to determine which person is expressing the superior level of gratitude. The risk in this strange cultural twist is that the expression gets lost in the distraction of competing givings of thanks. That’s not what Thanksgiving is intended to celebrate.

With the exception of 2008, for reasons I no longer remember, I have taken the opportunity to use this blog to express my thanks for a variety of gifts, gestures, words of encouragement, and unexpected good news. I started in 2004, with Giving Thanks, and continued in 2005 with A Tax Thanksgiving, in 2006 with Giving Thanks, Again, in 2007 with Actio Gratiarum, in 2009 with Gratias Vectigalibus, in 2010 with Being Thankful for User Fees and Taxes, in 2011 with Two Short Words, Thank You, in 2012 with A Thanksgiving Litany, and in 2013 with “Don’t Forget to Say Thank-You”. As I stated last year, “I have presented litanies, bursts of Latin, descriptions of events and experiences for which I have been thankful, names of people and groups for whom I have appreciation, and situations for which I have offered gratitude. Together, these separate lists become a long catalog, and as I have done in previous years, I will do a lawyerly thing and incorporate them by reference. Why? Because I continue to be thankful for past blessings, and because some of those appreciated things continue even to this day.”

This year brings another list, because this year brought me more reasons to be thankful:

• I am thankful that my grandson arrived healthy, happy, and loved.
  
• I am thankful that the records of my maternal grandmother’s home town had not been destroyed, as I had been told years ago.
  
• I am thankful for the professional genealogist who told me about the preservation of those records.
  
• I am thankful to have the time to work with those records and for the assistance of the professional genealogists and for the suggestions made by others who belong to a facebook group focusing on these types of records.
  
• I am thankful that the arborist discovered that the tulip poplars had become at risk for falling, and that I had the chance to have them removed before they fell on someone or someone’s house or car.
  
• I am thankful that once again, I was able to travel, to see new and familiar places, and to have new and repeated experiences from which I have learned much.
  
• I am thankful for my friends, who must put up with my eccentricities, my chattering, and my long emails.
  
• I am thankful for music and for how it is enriching at so many levels.
  
• I am thankful that I can still remember at least some of the people and things for which I am thankful.

Eight years ago, in Giving Thanks, Again, I shared my Thanksgiving advice. I liked it so much that I repeated it again, in 2009 in Gratias Vectigalibus and yet again in “Don’t Forget to Say Thank-You”. For me, it does not lose its impact:

Have a Happy Thanksgiving. Set aside the hustle and bustle of life. Meet up with people who matter to you. Share your stories. Enjoy a good meal. Tell jokes. Sing. Laugh. Watch a parade or a football game, or both, or many. Pitch in. Carve the turkey. Wash some dishes. Help a little kid cut a piece of pie. Go outside and take a deep breath. Stare at the sky for a minute. Listen for the birds. Count the stars. Then go back inside and have seconds or thirds. Record the day in memory, so that you can retrieve it in several months when you need some strength.

I am thankful to have the opportunity to share those words yet again.

Circulating on facebook, and probably on other social media, is a photograph with this legend:

Up until 1913 Americans kept all of their earnings. Despite this, we still had: schools, colleges, roads, vast railroads, streets, subways, the Army, Navy and the Marine Corps, (who managed to win 8 wars. Tell me again why We The People need to be extorted ???

Though I could write for hours about the deficiencies of praising the roads and educational institutions of the nineteenth century, I prefer to focus on the first sentence.

Taken at face value, the first sentence makes no sense. Americans did not keep their earnings. They transferred their earnings to shopkeepers, physicians, and other providers of goods and services in order to have a place in which to live, to feed and clothe themselves and their families, and to tend to medical concerns. What the author of this sentence probably meant to say was “Americans did not pay taxes.” But that, too, is ignorance manifested. Americans have been paying taxes since the beginning. Before 1913, and since 1913, they have been paying federal excise taxes, state property taxes, local property taxes, state sales taxes, occupation taxes, head taxes, and a variety of other taxes.

My guess, based on the reference to 1913, is that the author meant to say that “until 1913 Americans did not pay a federal income tax.” That statement is mostly true. The first federal income tax was enacted to fund the costs of the Civil War, but it didn’t last long. But when the federal income tax appeared is not the author’s point. The author seems to be questioning the need for an income tax. The answer is simple. The so-called modern income tax, the one enacted in 1913, was designed to provide revenue to offset the revenue losses from reducing import duties. Import duties are an indirect tax, ultimately paid by the consumer as part of the price of the item being purchased. The income tax, as originally enacted, applied only to individuals with income exceeding $3,000 and married couples with income exceeding $4,000. Very few people had that sort of income. In other words, the income tax would put the brakes on the growing income inequality that had time and again rocked the American economy with recessions, panics, and volatile economic performance. It was not, and still is not, used to fund roads. Roads are funded by state and local revenues and by fuel taxes paid into the Highway Trust Fund. It did fund, and continues to fund, the military, which now demands far more investment than it did in 1913, a consequence of changes in world politics, and interestingly not the prime target, and in some cases not even a target, of the “cut spending eliminate taxes” crowd.

The problem with slogans, sound bites, and quips is that they omit the important details and mislead people. Someone with a genuine interest in the history, impact, administration, and rationale of the federal income tax, or any other tax for that matter, ought to dig into something more analytical, such as the articles provided by The Tax History Project. In particular, this article provides the information thoroughly lacking in the “Up until 1913” bunk.

A recent commentary in the Philadelphia Inquirer advocates extension of the moratorium on collection of sales taxes by out-of-state retailers. It rejects the claim that online merchants have an advantage over brick-and-mortar retailers, a claim made by those who want out-of-state retailers to collect sales taxes even if they have no nexus with the state.

The commentary makes good points and not so good points. It is true, as it points out, that some online sellers bear the cost of shipping. They cannot use promotions such as free, hot coffee to their shoppers. Their customers cannot easily try on clothing and shoes.

On the other hand, the author refers to the taxes in question as “internet sales taxes” when in fact, as I have explained in posts such as Collecting an Existing Tax is Not a Tax Increase, the tax in question is a use tax. That tax has been on the books for decades. Thus, when the author claims that “state lawmakers do not need another $23 billion in sales-tax revenue,” the author fails to explain that this revenue is revenue currently owed under existing law and that states are simply engaging in an attempt to collect unpaid but owed revenue.

Yet, I agree with the author of the commentary that requiring out-of-state online retailers to do the use tax collection for the state is wrong. As I explained in Collecting the Use Tax: An Ever-Present Issue, states ought not be trying to compel proprietors and entities over which they have no jurisdiction to their collection work. I did suggest that states consider entering into voluntary arrangements with out-of-state retailers willing to act as collection agents in return for compensation paid by the state.

The flaw in the argument that out-of-state online retailers ought to be collecting the use tax on behalf of states with which they lack nexus can be illustrated by examining what happens to an out-of-state bricks-and-mortar retailer. If a person living in Pennsylvania, which has a sales tax and a compensating backup use tax, travels to Delaware, which has no sales tax, to purchase an item, the retailer is not obligated to collect Pennsylvania use tax. Nor could Pennsylvania compel the retailer to do so. So why should Pennsylvania, or any other state with a use tax, be permitted to compel a Delaware online retailer to collect the use tax. Would that not put the Delaware online merchant at a disadvantage compared to the Delaware bricks-and-mortar merchant? Isn’t it questionable that those who claim to be seeking a level playing field between online and bricks-and-mortar merchants would end up un-leveling that playing field if their proposed legislation was enacted?

One wonders why the alleged collective wisdom of state legislators cannot fix this problem, especially when the solution has been provide to them, free of charge, by yours truly. And one wonders why the arguments being made on both sides of the debate are so consistently imprecise, confusing, and incomplete.