Does It Matter Who or What is to Blame?

The current economic mess, which many doubt will go away simply because of a $700 billion government bailout of the financial services industry, has caused most people to focus on the question of how it ought to be fixed. Only a few people have considered what steps should be taken to prevent the problem, or some next-generation variant, from happening again. It has been suggested that there is no way to prevent the next problem because no one knows what that problem will be. There's some truth to that observation. So perhaps the question is whether there exists a way to insulate or cushion the economy from these sorts of episodes.

Quite a few people have brushed aside talk of ascertaining blame. I continue to challenge the nation's leaders to insist on responsibility. As I wrote more than a year ago, in Greed, Stupidity, Poor Judgment, and Taxes, " The solution to the problem is to shift the financial consequences of bad lending decisions onto the individuals who made those bad decisions." Assessing blame, we are told by the bailout advocates, is pointless. Nonetheless, the blame game has begun. There are those who point to section 121 of the Internal Revenue Code, as summarized nicely by Paul Caron in his TaxProf Blog poston the subject, replete with links to discussion throughout the blogosphere. Others claim that changes made to regulations under the Community Reinvestment Act by the Clinton Administration caused lenders to make loans to unqualified borrowers. And, as can be expected, the accusations and counter-accusations begin to fly. Almost all of the debate, though, appears to be less of an effort to identify the specific individuals and decisions that led to the crisis and more of an effort to tag one political party as the culprit and the other as the ignored prophet of doom. Perhaps the folks who dismiss the blame gaming do so because as it is practiced in postmodern America it generates these sorts of name-calling debates.

Yet it is important to cast blame, if that's the phrase people want to use for undertaking the identification of what went wrong. Though some people engage in this effort in order to justify attacking one political party or another, others do so because preventing recurrences In the future of the same or similar problems requires understanding what happened this time around. The irony of the current crisis is that too many people, including politicians, bankers, investors, and others, are admitting that they really don't know what happened, are unable to measure with any precision the scope of the problem, and are unsure what the ramifications are of moving forward or not moving forward with the proposed bailout. Even many of those who speak authoritatively probably have some deep inner doubts about the reliability of their public assertions.

It is not enough to put into place a variety of mechanical and human-regulated circuit breakers, filters, triggers, and reporting requirements. Though necessary, those techniques don't necessarily provide safeguards against the next scheme. The protections put in place as a consequence of the Great Depression did not prevent the dotcom bubble, the real estate housing bubble, or this toxic debt bubble, nor did they prevent the bursting of those bubbles. The creators of the next bubble is as likely to be undeterred by whatever legislation 2008 brings to the table as those recent bubbles were by the 1930s legislation.

Instead, what must be challenged is the culture that breeds the people and behavior that bring us these difficulties. One cause of the problem is the inability of people to understand the risks they undertake when they borrow money they are not qualified to borrow, that they are unable to repay, and that they accept because they are banking on an increase in housing prices under circumstances that suggest increases are far from certain. Something that definitely must be done is the education of the American nation with respect to finances, borrowing, budgeting, money, and economics. This isn't the first time I've pointed out this necessity. For example, in Preventing Foreclosure Through the Tax Law? Not This Time, I wrote:

What about a provision to fund high schools so they can teach their students some basic information about home buying, so that they are much less likely to be bamboozled by loan merchants with more concern about their up-front fees than the economic well-being of their customers?

And more than three years ago, in Economically Depressing?, I referred to "my expressed desire that K-12 education be revamped so that high school graduates enter society with the survival tools needed for life in the 21st century." According to the 2005 report of the National Council on Economic Education, the latest I could find, only seven states require personal financial education as a high school graduation requirement, one requires high schools to offer a course in the subject though it is not a required course, and one state requires that it be taught in middle school. There are 50 states in the union, plus the District of Columbia and some overseas possessions. Surely personal finance is no less important than other subjects being taught in middle school and high school.

Another cause of the problem is that postmodern Amercian culture is infected with greed and with the poor judgment and stupidity that accompany greed. As I pointed out in Greed, Stupidity, Poor Judgment, and Taxes:

The problem arises from a confluence of several underlying weaknesses in American culture. The first is the decision to live beyond one’s means. Fueled by advertising that makes people feel inadequate if they don’t own a home, live in a large home, drive a fancy car, wear the latest designer-brand fashions, and eat at the trendiest restaurant, people overspend and then end up in a financial dilemma. Greed? Maybe. Stupidity? Sometimes. Poor judgment? Definitely. The second is the proliferation of lenders, brokers, agents, and others who enable the decision to live beyond one’s means. It’s one thing to cut people a break so that they can afford a home, such as a small reduction in the required down payment or a slight reduction in the interest rate. It’s something else to eliminate the down payment requirement and to doctor the interest rate so that in two or three years the home buyer is trapped in a mortgage hell. Greed? Yes. Stupidity? Perhaps on the part of the borrower. Poor judgment? Yes, on the borrower’s part. The third is the perception that someone else, usually “the government,” will step in to insulate people and businesses from the folly of their bad decisions. The ever-growing inability or unwillingness of people to accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions increasingly erodes the core values on which this nation rests. Greed? Yes. Stupidity? Yes. Poor judgment? Yes.

But how does this mindset get reformed? So long as the message sent by advertisers, politicians, and the entertainment industry is "You can have it all and you can have it all now," then it's no surprise that people behave in ways that jeopardize not only the nation's financial health but its survival. One cannot expect advertisers to step up and advise people not to buy the products they hawk. The entertainment industry is in no position to send a contrary message, for its existence depends on that message. That leaves it to the politicians, ever anxious to avoid the delivery of bad news and ever reluctant to ask Americans to sacrifice. The "You can have it all and you can have it all now" perspective is what brought us tax cuts in a time of war. I made this point in Taxes and Sustaining a Civilized Society:

Whether or not one supports none, one, or all of the various military actions undertaken in connection with this war, it is inconceivable to me how one can disagree with the notion that if there is a war the war must be funded because wars cost money. . . . The failure to seek a tax increase, or at least to put the brakes on the tax cutting, probably reflected a policy of trying to make everyone happy even though the long-term cost is far higher than would be the cost of an immediate, and thus smaller, tax increase.

I expounded on this argument in A Memorial Day Essay on War and Taxation:

Politicians have chosen to fight without increasing revenue, imposing rationing, or deferring projects and activities. In their defense, they argue that none of these things are necessary, that a nation can have its guns without giving up its butter. I disagree, and I happen to think that politicians are reluctant to do what needs to be done because they are more concerned about maintaining their position in office than in making the tough decisions that war requires. So our national leaders have chosen to put the cost of the current war on our children and grandchildren. Those who decry the huge deficits, triggered in part by war and in part by the almost insane concept of decreasing tax revenues (mostly for the wealthy) during wartime, pretty much focus on the economic impact. They ask if, or suggest that, our grandchildren will be facing income tax rates of 80 percent in order to reduce an unmanageable deficit. I think it will be worse. I think our children and their children and grandchildren will become subservient to our nation's creditors. The sovereignty of the United States of America is far from guaranteed, and is at risk. Were these considerations discussed when those in power decided that war can be done on the cheap?

War cannot be done on the cheap. War is not free. War ought not be purchased on a credit card. War is a national commitment. Hiding the true cost of war in order to influence a nation's willingness to engage in war is wrong. Ultimately, the price to be paid will be dangerously high.

Perhaps the question is whether we are beginning to pay that price. With the rough going that the bailout proposal has encountered in the Congress, it appears that opponents of the plan are questioning the wisdom of borrowing more money in order to solve the problem of too much money having been borrowed.

Funding the Bailout

A report from BNA indicates that Peter DeFazio, a member of the House of Representatives from Oregon, suggested that the Congress should impose stock transfer taxes as a source of funding the proposed bailout of the financial services industry, but the idea was dismissed. As crafted, the representative's suggestion is too narrow. The existing mess cannot be attributable solely to stock trading, and the stock market ought not be singled out for revenues to finance the bailout. However, as a proponent of shifting the cost of the bailout to those who participated in creating the mess, I would modify the suggestion so that a tax, or what I would prefer to call a user fee, is imposed on all financial services transactions.

Would such a user fee, or tax, affect innocent people? Yes and no. A person or institution that purchases a collateralized debt security might not be manipulating the market, lying to investors, hiding bad loans, or making bad loans, but that purchaser is in a certain way enabling the market that affords the schemers and careless managers an opportunity to do damage. The fee is not unlike insurance. Careful drivers pay insurance premiums.

Would such a user fee, or tax, inhibit the financial markets? To some extent, yes. Surely there would be transactions that don't take place because the user fee, or tax, tips the analysis away from engaging in the deal. If the deal is that shaky, then the user fee or tax would have served its purpose. Imagine how many of the toxic transactions that contributed to the current mess would not have taken place had there been such a user fee or tax.

This user fee or tax could be constructed so that as the risk of the transaction increased, the rate of the user fee increased. Insurance companies do this sort of rating all of the time. Dealings in safer transactions would be subject to lower impositions than transactions in exotic financial instruments designed by someone who has a business school degree, a theory, a cup of coffee, and a dream to get rich quick. The rate of the user fee or tax could also reflect the identity of the parties, the location of the underlying assets, and other factors that indicate the degree of risk.

The latest version of the proposed legislation contains authority for the Treasury to impose premiums to pay for insurance to guarantee bad loans and assets originating before March 14, 2008. The premiums would be paid by financial institutions participating in the insurance program. The premium would reflect the relative risk of the particular bad loan or asset. It seems as though the premiums would be used to offset further declines in value, but do nothing in terms of generating a source for the $700 billion being sunk into the financial services industry money pit.

Taking a different tack, House Republicans advocate the use of private funds to bail out the failing institutions. According to this CNN report, House Republicans also want to ease tax laws so that private investors put their funds into the markets. Considering how eviscerated the tax laws have become during the past eight years, how can they be eased any further other than to eliminate them? I suppose the answer is elimination of taxes on investors so that wage earners bear the burden of financing government. The idea that private investors, who at the moment appear to be sitting things out because putting money into these failing institutions seems unwise, would return because of a tax cut on their income and thus proceed to dump their assets into sinking ships, seems a bit overdone. One must wonder why doing more of the same would generate any different of a result than what has already been produced.

Some claim that the bailout will pay for itself and thus does not need to be funded. Aside from the question of who finances the bailout, there's absolutely nothing to suggest that the bailout will pay for itself. The premise for this claim is that eventually the government will be able to sell at a profit the toxic junk that it purchases. If this is likely, why aren't private investors pushing each other aside in an effort to buy this "can't miss" junk? The answer is that they don't want it. Advocates for the bailout reply that only the government has the resources to make the purchases on a grand scale. Excuse me, what resources? The government is deep in debt, a debt that will continue to grow even without the bailout. Because it's very unlikely that the government will print money or raise taxes, it will finance the bailout by borrowing money. That presents two questions. First, if the government can borrow that money, why can't private investors collectively borrow it? If the answer to that question is the tightening of the credit markets, how will the appearance of the U.S. as a borrower seeking more loan funds loosen those markets? Second, if lenders are willing to finance the government's foray into this mess, because they think it is a good deal, why would they not finance private investors doing the same?

Something is terribly amiss and makes no sense. I read, in The Bailout: What's at Stake? that the cause of the problem is falling housing prices. Yet housing prices are falling because there are fewer would-be buyers financially capable of paying the higher prices, in part because of the credit crunch. So the credit crunch is causing the problem that is causing the credit crunch? I doubt it. Housing prices are falling because they are returning to levels that reflect their true worth. Housing prices are falling because they were pushed up by the bids of buyers who lacked the financial ability to pay those prices but who were being funded, and encouraged to buy houses, by the folks who decided they could make money by making bad loans because they grabbed their fees and sold the bad debts by disguising them in bundles of good debt.

According to the previously mentioned CNN report, it also has been suggested that the limitation on the deduction of compensation paid to executives be reduced from $1,000,000 to $400,000 for the five highest paid executives of each employer that is part of the financial services industry. That's equivalent to doubling the number of people standing on a corner snapping their fingers in order to keep the pink elephants away. The $1,000,000 deduction limitation has accomplished nothing because it is riddled with exceptions. Changing the number isn't the answer. A related proposal with respect to golden parachute payments would fare no less terribly because the existing golden parachute payment provisions fail to accomplish the intended result. If the tax law is going to be used to discourage high incomes, the simple answer is to increase the rates so that incomes over $1,000,000 are subject to higher taxes, incomes over $10,000,000 subject to even higher taxes, and incomes over $100,000,000 subject to what many would consider to be confiscatory taxes.

According to The Bailout: What's at Stake?, the National Association of Home Builders has announced that it plans to ask Congress for yet another bailout of between $40 billion and $90 billion. The article also explains that the investment bankers who benefit from the bailout will be using the funds to cushion themselves against similar problems in Europe and Asia. The managing director of the Economic Cycle Research Institute predicts that banks will not use the bailout money to make loans because they will prefer to improve their balance sheets. My question is this: then what will they do with the money? Pay off their own debts? Invest in something other than loans? What exactly are the taxpayers funding? The answer isn't the purchase of toxic debt. The answer is whatever it is that the owners of that toxic debt do with the money they get from the government when they sell the junk to the government.

The President and others claim, as the President stated in this report, that ""There is no disagreement that something substantial should be done." Well, depending on what "substantial" means, there is room to disagree. Surely the architects of the mess should be held accountable. Fees collected by mortgage brokers lending money to unqualified buyers should be seized. The sellers of debt instruments who hid bad loans in the packages and made misrepresentations about the risk levels should be required to disgorge their profits. Nothing in the proposed legislation would accomplish this result. The FBI investigation into the fraudulent activities in the mortgage and other markets should continue. Those investigations were underway before Congress and the Administration turned their attention to the matter. But what happens if there is no bailout? We're told that the existing credit crunch will continue. Is that a bad thing? Might it mean we must live within our means until the nation's assets grow and catch up to its debts? Would the spiraling debt vortex shut down, thus reducing the chance that some foreign nation or syndicate will end up owning America's assets?

The people who made this mess and the people who permitted this mess to unfold are now telling us how to solve the problem, and they seem intent on making taxpayers, rather than the perpetrators, responsible for cleaning it up. How much faith should one put in the solutions proposed by those who created the problem? One either assumes they made the mess because they do not know what they are doing, which is reason to reject their proposals. Or one assumes they very well knew what they were doing, which is reason enough to reject their proposals. Put bluntly, I don't trust them. Do you?

Greed, Stupidity, and Fraud: Lessons from Tax Law

In my last post, Where is the Money to Be Found, I examined one of the many issues raised by the proposed $700 billion bailout of the financial services sector. Throughout my analysis, I have looked at the situation as one of "greed, stupidity, and poor judgment." The continued gambling that took place throughout the past five or six years was fueled by greed, enabled by stupidity, and perfused with poor judgment, as I noted in Greed, Stupidity, Poor Judgment, and Taxes.

What I neglected to consider was another consequence of greed. And that is fraud. So I should not have been surprised to see this CNN headline on Wednesday: FBI Probing Bailout Firms. It turns out that the FBI is looking into the actions of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers and AIG to determine if their employees, particularly executives, engaged in fraudulent behavior. There are 26 companies being investigated, and 1,400 individuals, including lenders, brokers, and appraisers.

It's a bit of a guess, but I'm going to suggest what some of the issues might be. Were mortgages provided to borrowers on the basis of fraudulently over-valued homes? Were subprime and other high risk mortgages packaged into securitizations without disclosure? Is it true that information was withheld from people and firms that invested in these mortgages?

According to the CNN story, the FBI already has arrested more than 400 individuals who are charged with generating more than $1 billion in losses on account of mortgage fraud. The same story reports that the Mortgage Asset Research Institute has done a study showing that for the first quarter of 2008, the number of fraudulent mortgage loans was 42 percent higher than was the case in the first quarter of 2007.

The tax law provides not only for penalties on account of stupidity and carelessness, but also for fraud. Stupidity, carelessness, and other lapses in skill get swept together in what the tax law calls negligence. The negligence penalty is designed to encourage people to be more careful. The fraud penalties are designed not only as a deterrent, but also to recoup the burden that is placed on society by people who are not necessarily stupid, though very possibly infused with greed and poor judgment, and who let that greed lead them into fraudulent behavior. If the tax law can be designed with penalties against negligence and fraud, why can't mortgage lending laws be similarly designed? The answer is that they are. The more important question is whether there is any reason not to enforce them. Perhaps the lack of sufficient resources that plagues the IRS also hampers enforcement designed to keep the mortgage market a free market, that is, a market free of fraud, manipulation, and other nefarious practices.

And if the mortgage fraud laws are enforced, and the government's allegations are proven, then the defendants ought to be required to disgorge profits. If they stashed the cash overseas, there needs to be a way to retrieve it. Though advocates of the bailout toss that aside as an impossibility and as something that would cost to much to achieve, the people of this country are owed the effort. There are times when the cost of prosecuting a tax fraud case exceeds the revenue involved in the matter, but the lesson that is taught has a value that surpasses mere dollars. There's a reason that every April various U.S. Attorneys announce tax fraud indictments. And though deterrence is a factor, an even worthier reason is to let people know that those entrusted with protecting Americans, whether from outside threats or at-home theft, are doing their jobs. The nation ought not tolerate tax cheats and neglect to reprimand negligent taxpayers, and surely it does not bail them out. Why, then, tolerate the mortgage fraud, neglect to pursue the malefactors, and bail them out? So hooray to the FBI investigation and thumbs down to those who want to turn a blind eye to those who orchestrated this mess.

Where Is the Money To Be Found?

I don't get it. Perhaps I just don't understand "modern" finance. This latest bailout perplexes me. As I understand the proposed statutory language, the Treasury is authorized to buy "mortgage-related assets from any financial institution having its headquarters in the United States." Those assets are the bad debts held by those financial institutions because they lent money to people who were incapable of repaying the loans or, just as bad, purchased the loans from the folks who lent money to people incapable of repaying. In doing so on a large scale, the managers of these institutions have put the financial health, the national security, and perhaps even the continued existence of the nation at risk. One wonders whether these folks thrive on risk, of any sort, even if it means taking others down with them. The frustrating aspect of this situation is that even though others are going down, many of these gamblers stashed their profits overseas, tax-free, and are laughing all the way to the foreign bank at the financial ignorance of most Americans, borrowers and politicians alike.

In order to buy these bad debts, the Treasury needs money. The legislation authorizes up to $700 billion of purchases. Where does the Treasury get this sort of money? If the question was asked of you or me, the answer would be, "We don't." The Treasury, however, has several options. The legislation authorizes the Treasury to borrow money. Under the proposal, the nation's debt ceiling would increase to $11.315 trillion. The legislation does not appear to prohibit the Treasury from "printing" money, although other considerations may make that option unlikely. And though the legislation says nothing about raising taxes, that is not something the Treasury can do on its own, though it could ask the Congress to do so, an outcome unlikely so long as the current Administration is in office.

Each of these three options, including the two that are unlikely to be pursued, pose their own grave dangers to the economic vitality of the nation. Printing money kicks inflation into high gear. Raising taxes draws down the ability of businesses and consumers to pay their bills, make purchases, and pay off debt. Borrowing money increases interest rates, which benefits some investors and hurts borrowers. Borrowing money also makes the nation even more beholden to those in a position to lend the money, namely, foreign countries and foreign investors rolling in dollars accumulated when Americans purchased foreign oil, foreign goods, and foreign services. Having a nation that spends beyond its means borrow even more money to bail out bad debts arising from individuals who spent beyond their means is not unlike pouring gasoline on a fire.

The Secretary of the Treasury admitted that the plan puts taxpayers at considerable risk. He thinks that eventually the Treasury will be able to sell some of the assets it buys and thus recover some of the money. Excuse me, but who is going to buy these assets? If people aren't knocking down the doors now to acquire them, why will they do so in a month, a year, or a decade? The only answer is that perhaps things will change. Sounds like a gamble to me, a gamble not unlike the practices that have created this mess.

When I criticized the so-called economic stimulus payments, in Can a Tax Rebate Band-Aid Stop the Economic Bleeding? , I explained why it makes no sense to toss good money after bad:

The issuance of tax rebates will enlarge the federal deficit. At some point, that deficit will haunt the economy in ways that no tax rebate, even an abolition of taxes, will cure. So long as consumption exceeds production, so long as more wealth, particularly dollars, flow out of the country than flow into the country, so long as certain items remain in short supply and project to remain that way, the nation's economic and financial health will worsen. Tax rebates will not increase the supply of clean water, oil, natural gas, or any of the other resources mismatched to the demands of the world population. In some ways, it makes the question about who should get a tax rebate seem trivial, almost like fighting over a deck chair on a sinking ship.

That the debt crisis is a symptom of a deeper problem is apparent to those who think about the situation carefully. As I also wrote in Can a Tax Rebate Band-Aid Stop the Economic Bleeding? :

It gets better. To finance the tax rebates, the Treasury will need to borrow money, because it doesn't have spare cash sitting around. From whom will it borrow? Someone with dollars to unload. Who might that be? Could it be the People's Republic of China? Saudi Arabia? The United Arab Emirates? Some international bank? Whoever it turns out to be, they will be looking for two things. They will want interest, because they're not going to lend the money for nothing. And ultimately they will want the debt repaid. Who pays the interest? Who repays the debt? It will be the taxpayers of the third, fourth, and subsequent decades of this century. These taxpayers, already burdened with individual debt, will discover that they lack sufficient funds to buy the things they need and the luxuries they desire without going into more debt. From whom will they borrow? At what point do the creditors say, literally, "We own you."

This nation has been living beyond its means for far too long. Most people, though not all people, in this nation have been living beyond their means. Some people need to live beyond their means simply to survive. A family of four trying to live on income of $25,000 will be racking up some of that credit card debt that has reached a total of almost one trillion dollars. Some people live beyond their means because they simply must have what they want. A very small slice of the population does not live beyond its means because its means are so huge that the limits of time and space prohibit a person from spending that much money. So these folks join the creditor nations in making most Americans their economic vassals. And to think we concluded the middle ages ended a few centuries ago. What a surprise!

The irony in the proposal is that the investment bankers who are screaming for assistance from the federal government are the same people who were railing against government regulation and intervention when they were racking up profits constructed out of theoretical home value increases. In Greed, Stupidity, Poor Judgment, and Taxes, written about a year ago, I criticized attempts to "solve" the problem by using the tax law to grant tax relief to speculators and gamblers. I wrote, "People and industries who damage the nation’s economy, health, environment, or defense posture ought to face the consequences of what they have done." I pointed out that a nation whose economy rests on the notion of a free market is placed at risk when market freedom is squashed by greed, stupidity, and poor judgment. I noted that to the extent existing provisions in the tax law encourage the sort of speculator behavior that has contributed to the crisis, those provisions should be repealed or modified. I also asked why an industry that made money lending to speculators and collecting fees when placing questionable mortgages was unable to use its profits to tide itself over when times got tough. I suggested that the lenders should disgorge those profits, though I suspect those profits have been funneled offshore. Very recently, in Risk Premiums With a Greed Tax?, I proposed instituting a fee or tax to encourage future gamblers think twice before taking risks and then trying to shift the cost onto others.

In my mind, I see a nation five, ten years from now, saddled with crushing debt, populated by bankrupt and near-bankrupt individuals, riddled with all sorts of economic problems, and struggling to survive as a world debtor beholden to a few foreign nations, while those who profited from the unregulated economic free-for-all of the 2000s bask in the sunshine in some litigation-proof haven. I'm sure my vision will alarm those who decry my resurgent pessimism, and again, I hope I am wrong. I would be glad to be wrong. But when I consider the predictions I made a year ago and three years ago, and then take a look at the current headlines, I continue to have little faith that those who kept telling us that "everything would be fine" have the ability to make it so.

Introducing Mileage-Based Road Fees to the Pennsylvania Legislature

On Friday, Dwight Evans, Chairman of the Pennsylvania House Appropriations Committee, wrote a letter to the editor of the Philadelphia Inquirer in which he explained why the turnpike lease proposal deserves a vote by the legislature. He made two major points. First, though he has heard the arguments against leasing the turnpike, he hasn't heard a better idea. Second, raising the gasoline tax or increasing license renewal fees or similar items won't work.

On his second point, the Representative and I are in agreement. I explored the reasoning for my conclusion in Are State Gasoline Taxes the Best Source of Highway Revenue?. In summary, the economics of the gasoline market, when projected into the future, strongly suggest that even with increases the gasoline tax cannot provide sufficient funding.

On his second point, the Representative and I are in different places. What I know is that he has not read MauledAgain. If he had, he would have learned from Tax Meets Technology on the Road, from Mileage-Based Road Fees, Again, and from Mileage-Based Road Fees, Yet Again that another approach to funding transportation infrastructure does exist. It's the mileage-based road fee, which I describe and advocate in those posts. Those posts contain links to more fully developed, detailed explanations, reports by states that have experimented with the fees, and other useful information.

On Friday, I sent an email to Dwight Evans. I pointed him to the existence of mileage-based user fees, and to the cited posts. I am awaiting a response. It will be interesting to see if I receive one. It will be even more interesting to see if the concept of mileage-based road fees gets any attention from the legislature.

Risk Premiums With a Greed Tax?

Perhaps there should be a tax on greed. The tax would apply when a person's or entity's attempt to accumulate wealth, rather than "trickling down" benefits to society generally, harms society. Though some might argue that "society" should not have any right to collect a tax when it is harmed, the attempt to accumulate wealth would be pointless if there were no society, because only society provides a stable framework for the accumulation of wealth and only society makes the accumulation of wealth worth having as a goal.

With the most recent government bail-out of business managers and executives who demonstrated bad judgment, the nation is reminded that some people find ways to shift the cost of their errors onto others while other people must bear their own burden with little, if any, ability to be rescued by society. The argument that failure to bail out these reckless investors and managers would make things worse for the nation or even the world not only demonstrates the dangers of letting unelected people be in a position to make such planet-threatening decisions but also shows the extent to which they can push the nation into a corner. "So we messed up, what are you going to do about it?" becomes the begging refrain of highly compensated enterprise managers whose track record makes one wonder at the justification for the high compensation.

These recent problems arise from greed. Greed is not the desire to increase one's economic status, particularly because most people on the planet who have that desire pursue their dreams because they are trying to accumulate enough economic assets in order to survive. Greed is the desire to hold far more economic wealth than is necessary for survival, comfort, and even luxurious lifestyles. It is the desire to hold so much wealth that the wealth becomes an instrument of power more effective than the decisions of elected officials, and thus becomes a threat to democracy. Greed is exacerbated when it is coupled with impatience, much like the demand, "I want it all, and I want it now." Rather than letting businesses, lending, real estate development, and other markers of a national or world economy grow at an even, steady pace, crafty brokers and traders tried to bring tomorrow's business into the present, by encouraging people who were not yet ready to take on mortgage debt to do so. Why? Rather than waiting for the origination and other fees that would be available in a later year, the rush was on to accelerate this income into the present. To make this happen, certain people in the industries involved in what turned out to be bad planning persuaded campaign contribution recipients to throw out decades of protective regulation in the name of "free market enterprise" and restructured those industries so that the local level atmosphere that inherently guarded against unwise lending was overcome by the monopolistic and oligarchic nature of postmodern business. Just as mom-and-pop shops have been decimated by the bland big box businesses, so too the local banks and mortgage lenders were overcome by the national and global giants for whom everything is never enough.

Unfortunately, there are those who think the word "free" in the phrase "free market" means "free" to do whatever one wants to do to acquire economic wealth and status. What happens? Ultimately, the taxpayers and ordinary citizens are not free to avoid becoming the involuntary rescuers of the greedy whose plans for economic domination fell apart. There continues a pattern, which gives the winnings to the select few if the gamble works, and puts the losses on the rank-and-file if, or I should say, when the arrangement collapses under the weight of its own bootstraps.

Arguments in favor of lower taxes and decreased regulation rest, in part, on the notion that society cannot grow, expand, or become better off unless business entrepreneurs take risks, and that they are unwilling to take risks if taxes cut into their expected returns or if regulators impose costs that shift the variables that make the venture seem worthwhile. In other words, they prefer to avoid the cost of the risk, and in many instances the cost of the risk is such that the venture ought not be undertaken. Though it is true that risks need to be taken in order for a society and its economy to become and remain healthy and viable, there are risks that ought not be undertaken. When the process for preventing a foray into risky activity becomes subverted, those who would be protected suffer twice. Once all those homeowners who lost their life savings because they were encouraged into buying homes beyond their means, or not discouraged from doing so, get back on their feet, they will be looking at tax bills higher than they otherwise would have been because the government needs to collect hundreds of billions of more dollars to plug into the mess made by the risk takers who wanted no advice, input, or limitation imposed by government until they were in need of government, that is, society's, money.

There is a way to prevent future instances, no matter what cute word or phrase is selected to insert before the word "bubble" in order to create a fancy sound bite. People who engage in risky transactions ought to purchase insurance against failure. Because of the nature of these enterprises, and because almost all involve instances of government deregulation run amok, the premiums should be paid to the entity that ends up bailing out the failed enterprises. The less that the enterprise promises to be of societal value and instead a planned vehicle for a ride by the wealthy to even larger caches of economic value, the higher should be the premium. In other words, the more greed in the deal, the more premium that should be charged. That additional premium should be called what it would be, a tax on greed. If it causes people to stop and think before rushing headlong into another "get rich quick" scheme, then it will serve its purpose. Even if in a particular instance it generates no revenue because the way in which it looms over the projected market games causes people to stop, think, and take the wiser course, it would be a success.

But that might not be enough. The present crisis is not quite the simple destruction of wealth by natural forces, such as what happens when a hurricane devastates a coastline. The present crisis began by generating much wealth for a few, at the expense of many as time passed. Those few, rather than asking the many for a handout, ought to disgorge the wealth they acquired by engaging in these risky practices. Though much surely is sitting offshore somewhere, it is time for the representatives of the people to stand up for the well-being of all their constituents and teach those who are wrecking the nation and its economy the meaning of the phrase "make amends."

How Big is YOUR Tax Wall?

If there's a bigger tax chart, I've not seen it. This one is huge. It's three and a half feet tall. It's almost six feet wide. It consumes more than twenty square feet of wall space. And it comes to us from the guru of tax charts, Andrew Mitchel.

Yes, I have seen bigger charts. But they've not been tax charts. I've seen floor-t0-ceiling enormities in museums and in library displays. But they've been about topics other than tax. Once upon a time, I made a chart that was a mere two feet high, but it was almost thirty feet wide. No, it wasn't a tax chart. It was a family history chart. I still have it, but it's no longer on display. It's very much out of date, so it sits rolled up, in a closet.

Everyone who reads MauledAgain, and hundreds of tax practitioners throughout the world, are familiar with Andrew's tax charts. They number in the hundreds, they touch on a wide range of tax topics, they are useful and creative, and they help people visualize the intricacies of the tax law. I've shared comments and references to these charts here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here. Yes, you really should click on each of those links. Or you can go directly to Andrew's topic or chronological listing.

This latest chart, though, is in a class by itself. It took three years to complete. It contains more than 325 color-coded boxes with questions and answers that help the user map out the consequences of transfers to and from foreign corporations. Each box contains a citation to the Code or other authority. So it covers a topic that simply isn't going to disappear, no matter what happens with or to the tax law, and it takes the tax practitioner on a guided journey through one of the tax law's most challenging thickets.

Generally, Andrew makes his charts available to one and to all. All it takes is a visit to the topic or chronological listing. But this chart is the chart of charts, a creation too big for a web page, beyond the capabilities of the desktop printer, and orders of magnitude beyond the utility of the outstanding topical charts Andrew has generated during the past few years. For this massive chart, visit Andrew's Tax-Charts.com site. It's not free, but it ought not be. It's the masterpiece.

Having seen this chart, I ask that same question that has been asked about cell phones, paper clips, and chocolate: How did we get along before they existed? How did tax practitioners manage to work through those complicated analyses of cross-border transactions without the quintessential map of cross-border transaction tax law?

Those practicing in this area will need to decide where to hang the chart. It needs to be a spot with a fairly large wall. The reception area? That might intimidate the clients. The senior partner's office? No, there will be too many interruptions as the tax lawyers pop in hour after hour to consult the chart. A conference room? Perhaps. One for each lawyer's office? Now there's an idea. Notice I didn't mention the library. Even if the firm has one, and many no longer do, the bookshelves own the walls. Wherever the chart Is hung, it indeed will be a conversation starter. Just tell your clients that it's a peek into a very small portion of a tax lawyer's brain. After all, that is what it is.

User Fee Philosophy Vindicated

Last Thursday's news reaching the ears and eyes of those who advocate the imposition of tolls on I-80 to fund repairs and improvements to Pennsylvania's crumbling bridge and highway infrastructure was not good. As explained in U.S. Rejects Pa.'s Request for I-80 Tolls, a headline that almost says it all, the Federal Highway Administration refused to agree to the I-80 toll plan. The FHA explained that the flaw in the plan was the intended use of the toll revenues to fund highways and bridges other than those connected with I-80. According to the agency, use of the toll revenue must be limited to "legitimate and valid operating costs" of the road on which they are imposed. In other words, the state's plan violated federal law because the tolls "appear to have been predetermined by the Pennsylvania General Assembly based on considerations largely unrelated to the true costs" of operating and maintaining I-80.

This decision should come as no surprise to readers of MauledAgain. When commenting, in User Fees and Costs on the proposal in New Jersey to use highway tolls to reduce state debt incurred for unrelated purposes, I wrote:

As an advocate of user fees, I support the notion that toll roads should pay for themselves. The toll should be based on the cost of building, expanding, improving, repairing, maintaining, policing, and monitoring the road. It isn't difficult for a cost accountant to determine how much it costs to operate the New Jersey Turnpike, the Garden State Parkway, or any other toll road. Tolls should be increased as costs increase, and though it is preferable to recalculate the cost each year, it might be easier to use some sort of inflation index and do the cost recalculation every four or five years.

What many see as objectionable is the use of toll revenues from a toll road to fund other government projects and functions. I don't think there is a simple yes or no response to the question of whether this is fair, appropriate, or sensible. The analysis I support is one that looks at the impact of the toll road and its use on surrounding residents, neighborhoods, and infrastructure. Traffic volume surrounding a toll road interchange is higher than it otherwise would be, and that generates additional costs for the local government. It makes sense to include in the toll an amount that offsets the cost of widening adjacent highways, installing traffic signals, increasing the size of the local police force, adding resources to local emergency service units, and similar expenses of having a toll road in one's backyard. I understand the argument that because the locality benefits economically from the existence of the toll road and its interchange that it ought not be subsidized by the toll road. It is unclear, though, whether the toll road is a net benefit or disadvantage. If it were such a wonderful thing, why are new roads so vehemently opposed by so many towns and civic organizations?

Using toll revenue to maintain and repair roads and infrastructure far from the toll road is more difficult to justify. Other than relying on arguments such as the maintenance of a high quality state-wide road network that would attract more tourists and business ventures, proponents of siphoning toll revenue to distant areas have a, sorry, tough road to hoe. A better approach would be to impose tolls on heavily used roads in those distant areas. (emphasis added)

And as I mentioned in
Are State Gasoline Taxes the Best Source of Highway Revenue? , "It makes no sense to require drivers using the turnpike or I-80 to subsidize repairs to Routes 1, 3, 320, 252, or 202, to name but a few highways in the southeastern part of the state where I live."

So where does this leave Pennsylvania's need for funds to deal with its transportation infrastructure problems? The Governor used the decision as a springboard to resume hawking his turnpike lease plan. Though some legislators predicted that proposal would not be approved, others appear ready to cave if the amount bid for the lease were increased. In other words, for a high bid, they would be willing to give up control of the turnpike.

Readers of MauledAgain know what I think of the turnpike lease proposal. Here it is in a nutshell, as summarized in Are State Gasoline Taxes the Best Source of Highway Revenue? :

When it comes to leasing the turnpike, all that needs to be said at this point is that it is a terrible idea, at best a short-term solution with a excessive long-term cost, as I explored in Selling Off Government Revenue Streams: Good Idea or Bad? and in Selling Government Revenue Streams: A Bad Idea That Won't Go Away.

It is completely foolish and irresponsible to sell the seed corn, no matter what temptations are dished up by the buyer. The buyer isn't trying to give money to the state and its people. The buyer is trying to extract profits, and if there are profits to be extracted, they should be extracted by the state, that is, the people of the state, who essentially are the owners of the turnpike. Listening to, or reading, the comments by members of the consortium holding the winning bid for the lease is not unlike watching a hungry person drool over food.

One legislator noted that there were "few other alternatives" to coming up with the money. He asked, rhetorically, if the alternative of raising the gasoline tax should be considered. Good question. The answer is the same answer I give to the turnpike lease proposal: no.

So what's to be done? The FHA graced its rejection of the I-80 toll proposal with these palliative words: ""We commend Pennsylvania for thinking creatively in trying to find a solution to its transportation needs. Although we are unable to move the application forward, the FHWA stands ready to assist the commonwealth in finding other creative ways to fill the gap." So, let's be creative.

The solution? I've proposed mileage-based road fees several times and I propose the idea again. I supported my support for this approach Are State Gasoline Taxes the Best Source of Highway Revenue? :

It's easy, of course, to pan all three proposals [the turnpike lease, the I-80 toll plan, gasoline tax increases]. It's more difficult to provide a constructive suggestion. Yet in this instance it is easy. As I discussed in Mileage-Based Road Fees, Yet Again, the answer is the mileage-based road fee. As I previously explained in Tax Meets Technology on the Road and in Mileage-Based Road Fees, Again, this fee is not restricted to limited-access highways, does not require the building of toll gates and toll booths, is not dependent on the level of liquid fuels use, can be adjusted for the degree of wear and tear inflicted by the vehicle on roads and bridges, and is easy to administer. It already is being used in other jurisdictions.

The Pennsylvania legislature needs to look beyond the present and consider implementing ideas that are ready to be put in place for the future. Gasoline taxes, tolls, and selling public goods to profit-hungry private enterprises are, or at least should be, strategies of the past. They are being eclipsed by newer, better ideas, and Pennsylvania needs to get on board. It doesn't help when a leading state legislator describes tolls as the "wave of the future," because in doing so, what he demonstrates is a surprising ignorance about the actual wave of the future that already is in the present, namely, mileage-based road fees. With a $1.7 billion annual shortfall in road and bridge maintenance requirements, the Pennsylvania legislature cannot afford to continue functioning in ways that account, at least in part, for the stagnation in the state's population and economic growth.

So here's my question for the Pennsylvania legislature: Are you folks listening? Are you thinking? Are you being creative? Are you seeking help with this problem by reading blogs, especially this one? Or are you stuck in the 20th century, unable to think past that with which you are familiar, hesitant to be daring, reluctant to lead, and too uninformed to understand what 21st century technology can do for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and its people? It would be such a delight to hear from you.

When Is a Tax Not a Tax?

More specifically, when can someone collect a tax but refuse to turn some of the collected tax over to the taxing authority? Not surprisingly, the answer is that it depends. There exist statutes permitting someone to retain some very small fraction of a collected tax as compensation for engaging in the collection process. A revenue department that outsources collections can offer the contractor compensation in the form of a percentage of the taxes collected.

A case in Georgia, City of Atlanta v. hotels.com, 654 S.E.2d 166, (Ga. App. Ct. Oct. 26, 2007), puts the question in a different, and interesting, context. Earlier this week, the case was argued before the Georgia Supreme Court. It involves the collection of the Atlanta hotel occupancy tax by online travel companies. These companies collect tax from the people to whom they sell hotel rooms based on the sale price, but remit the tax to the city of Atlanta based on the lower amount that they pay to the hotels for the rooms. The city of Atlanta contends that the online travel companies ought to remit to it the entire occupancy tax collected from their customers, whereas the travel companies assert that they are responsible only for the tax computed on the price they pay for the rooms. They treat the excess of the tax amount collected from their customers over the amount of tax reflecting the price paid by the companies as a "nonitemized service fee."

The case in Georgia is not unique. A similar issue has been raised in Wake County v. hotels.com, and in jurisdictions throughout the country. The Wake County opinion provides cites to some of those other cases.

Ultimately, the resolution depends on how a court parses the applicable statute. In the Georgia case, the appellate court held that the city had not yet exhausted its adminstrative process, and that the substantive question was not yet properly before the court. Whether the Georgia Supreme Court affirms that conclusion remains to be seen. The same outcome was reached in the Wake County case.

Fifteen years ago, there was no such thing as an internet-based hotel room resale industry. Its existence demands that state legislatures sit down and review their states' tax statutes to determine if they make sense in a transformed business environment. Local taxing authorities need to do the same with their ordinances and other enactments.

The procedural issue in City of Atlanta v. hotels.com rests on whether the online travel companies are subject to the taxing jurisdiction of the city. Unlike brick and mortar hotels that are subject to the occupancy tax, they are not physically within the city. The rooms that they sell are within the city, but those rooms are purchased by the companies from the hotels, which are paying the occupancy tax collected from the online travel companies, computed with reference to the amount the hotels charge those companies. So one core question is why the city of Atlanta thinks it is appropriate to impose yet another tax on the sale of the room by the online travel company to the actual consumer. The answer, I suppose, is that the city of Atlanta thinks that the statute entitles it to do so.

Unlike a sales tax, which applies to sales at retail and thus does not reach the wholesale transactions that occur between creation of the item and its retail sale, hotel occupancy taxes are imposed on the sale of occupancy rights to hotel rooms. No regard is given to whether those sales are to a wholesaler, which is what the online travel companies essentially are, or to the ultimate consumer. That is a flaw in the statute.

The state enabling legislation involved In the Wake County case imposes the obligation to collect and remit the tax on "[e]very operator of a taxable establishment," and defines a taxable establishment responsible to collect and pay the tax as " A hotel, motel, inn, tourist camp, or similar place that is subject to a room occupancy tax " The tax, however, is levied on "the gross receipts derived from the rental of any room, lodging, or accommodation furnished by a hotel, motel, inn, tourist camp, or similar place within the county that is subject to the State sales tax." The former language appears to contemplate brick and mortar establishments, whereas the latter language appears to focus on the transmission of the intangible occupancy right.

The resolution adopted by Wake County imposes the occupancy tax on "gross receipts derived by any person, firm, corporation, or association from the rental of any room, lodging or accommodation furnished by a hotel, motel, inn, tourist camp, or similar place within the County…" The resolutions of the other counties involved in the litigation have identical language.

All of this analysis focuses on the issue that the Georgia appellate court directed the parties to address first, namely, are the online travel companies subject to the tax? Only if the answer to that question is in the affirmative does one reach the next question, which is the computation of the occupancy tax. Should it reflect the amount for which the room is sold by the hotel to the wholesaler online travel company? Or should it reflect the amount for which the room is sold to the consumer? When the language imposes the tax on the "gross receipts derived … from the rental of any room …." the answer appears to be the latter formulation. The online travel company charges the consumer a certain number of dollars for the rental of the room. The fact that it pays a lesser amount to acquire that room does not reduce its "gross receipts derived … from the rental of any room."

In the Georgia case, there is imposed “a tax of seven percent of the rent for every occupancy of a guestroom in a hotel in the city.” The tax is imposed on both the consumer and the person or legal entity licensed by or required to pay a business or occupation tax to the governing authority imposing the tax for operating a hotel [or similar facility]. The obligation to remit the tax to the city is imposed on the entity operating the hotel. Though it appears as though the tax is imposed twice, it is imposed once. Are the online companies operating a hotel? Are they licensed to operate hotels? Are they required to pay business tax to Atlanta? The answers to these questions appear to be no, no, and no. The difference in language between the Atlanta ordinance and the resolutions adopted by the North Carolina counties could turn out to be the difference between a taxpayer victory and a taxpayer loss if, and when, the substantive questions ever are reached.

The lesson here is not so much, what is the answer to the question posed at the outset, as it is, what should legislatures be doing to bring tax statutes into the 21st century? Until and unless legislatures deal with these issues, taxpayers will face uncertainty and courts will need to unravel antiquated provisions. Of course, tax lawyers will earn fees, so perhaps they won't be so distressed.

Perhaps a First, Certainly One For Me

Anyone who writes tax or other legal books, articles, or similar items is delighted when his or her works are cited by another author. I write from experience when I share this observation

For some authors, the delight is proportional in some way to the "status" of the citing authority. For example, the ultimate dream of many legal scholars is to have a book or article cited by the Supreme Court. Some critics give much less weight to the citation of an article by a blog or similar, "less scholarly" publication, though others are simply thrilled that someone is reading what they have written and deeming it worthy of the spotlight.

It's an entirely different experience, though, to have a non-legal item cited by legal authority. A few days ago, I discovered the first instance of which I am aware in which a legal article cites a genealogy web site. If there is another such instance, I'd very much like to know. It is possible that legal articles have cited genealogy texts, but I've not ever seen that.

What was cited? My genealogy website, the Maule Genealogy Homepage, has been cited in an article in a legal journal. The citation to the article that cited my genealogy website is
Kristine S. Knapland, The Evolution of Women's Rights in Inheritance, Pepperdine University School of Law Legal Studies Working Paper Series, Paper Number 2008/6 (January 2008).

On page 20, Ms Knapland writes: "One man, survived by his wife, asked that he be 'decently buried by the side of my dear sister Sarah;' " and she provides the reference in footnote number 134. That footnote reads:

Case 364 William Penn Evans. The testator was most likely a Quaker, as his will went on to direct that the stones at his grave be similar to those of his sister, “care being taken that the height and size are no greater, so that Friends may not be grieved.” His codicil executed in 1888 directed that he be buried where convenient if he did not die in Pennsylvania, but he died in Philadelphia. Evans, the valedictorian of the 1871 class at Haverford College, was considered one of the founders of Malvern, Pennsylvania, where he owned a flour mill. James Edward Maule, Some Prominent Members of the American Maule Family, http://www.maulefamily.com/maule50.htm (last visited Sept. 14, 2007).

I found this citation quite by accident, as I was searching for something else. Now I must return to the search engines and determine if anyone else has cited my genealogy website in a legal journal or similar item. I wonder if any tax treatises or articles have cited it.

What Is Hypertaxation?

Last week, someone pointed out the following sentence in the Republican National Platform:

In any fundamental restructuring of federal taxation, to guard against the possibility of hypertaxation of the American people, any value added tax or national sales tax must be tied to simultaneous repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment, which established the federal income tax.

This person noted that this was a new word for her and then asked what it meant. She had researched the question by looking at the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster, but the word did not appear. When she googled the word, she found some references in extremely conservative blogs and a few web pages in French that used the word "l'hypertaxation." She asked if it simply meant "overtaxation."

Of course, I responded but then decided to do my own research. Yes, I know, I should have researched and then responded. It turns out that I was on the right track.

I tried my favorite on-line dictionary but it simply told me, "No results found for hypertaxaxtion." I turned to google, and it replied, "Results 1 - 61 of 61 for "hypertaxation" and so I dug in. I, too, found the word being used by some blogs and writers taking positions consistent with extremely conservative views, but I found that none of them defined the word. But one of the google hits took me to an on-line French dictionary, which provided this entry: HYPERTAXATION n.f. Taxation exagérée.

Aha, hypertaxation is exaggerated taxation. That tells us a lot, doesn't it?

So with that research tucked away in our brains, what did I write before I did the research? Here's what I said:

For me, the analysis benefits from an analogy to using hyper and over with the word speed. It is one thing to speed over the posted limit. It is another to move at hyperspeed, a rate of travel orders of magnitude beyond "normal" or "regular" speed (whatever that might be). One can speed over the limit without being in hyperspeed. And one can hyperspeed without being over the limit (if such things exist in the Delta Quadrant).

So I see overtaxation as a concept measuring taxation against some sort of limit (about which many argue). I see hypertaxation as a hyperbolic expression of a tax rate or revenue being orders of magnitude beyond what is "normal" or "regular" taxation (whatever that might be).

For more fun, compare the hyperactive child with the overactive child. :-)

Hypertaxation is a word that soundbite fans should enjoy. It doesn't, however, tell us much of anything.

Indeed, describing taxation as exaggerated is about as helpful as defining beauty. It's all in the eye of the beholder, or perhaps the outstretched hand of the tax collector or the checkbook of the taxpayer.

I suppose if one wanted to be technical, overtaxation could refer to a situation in which a tax collector or someone collecting a tax on behalf of a government, such as a merchant charging sales tax, overcharges the taxpayer. For example, if in a state that imposes a 6% sales tax on retail sales, overtaxation would exist if a retailer added $7 sales tax to a consumer's $100 purchase. If the state exempted food from the tax and a store added a $6 tax to a $100 grocery bill, the purchaser would be overtaxed. This approach means that overtaxation can exist regardless of the tax rate.

In contrast, hypertaxation suggests some sort of excess that violates some sort of norm. But because the users of the term hypertaxation haven't defined it, people can use the term without any precision. Is a 100% income tax rate hypertaxation? How about a 12% sales tax rate? Is the claim of hypretaxation more likely to be used if rates triple in one legislative act than if they creep up over time? Must there be something shocking or unconscionable about the rate before it qualifies as hypertaxation? Lawyers think they can define the term unconscionable but it ultimately comes down to the opinion of the trier of fact, usually a judge.

And what's the point of using the term? What does it add to the discourse that isn't provided by more specific descriptions such as "a tax rate of 43%" or "a doubling of the sales tax rate"? The latter phrases are informative. Hypertaxation isn't.

My suggestion that the term is fuel for the sound-bite mentality resurfaces. A word with no precise or useful meaning becomes a tool in debates that are more readily and sensibly resolved when the conversation is more specific and fact sensitive. Hypertaxation is an emotional word. There are places in human conversation for emotional words. Is it useful to insert emotional words into analyses of economic and tax issues? How instructive is a party platform plank when it makes use of word that can mean different things to different people? What does it tell us?

Yet Again, the IRS Bails Out the Congress

For quite some time, taxpayers who received incentive stock options and then exercised them have become aware that they can be subject to a significant AMT liability even though, in the long run, the option generated little or no income. Taxpayers who have litigated the issue have fared poorly, simply because the Internal Revenue Code says what it says, and no amount of creativity has persuaded any judge to disregard the statutory language. The Congress has been dragging its feet for years, expressing dislike for the outcome but saying little, if anything, about the fact that the Congress created the mess.

Now comes news that the IRS will suspend collection of these AMT liabilities at the request of several members of Congress, including the former chair of the Senate Finance Committee. These legislators wrote to the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service, asking for the suspension so that Congress has time to work out a legislative solution. The current version of the solution is the AMT Credit Fairness and Relief Act of 2007, which has been kicking around the Congress for more than a year, and the substance of which has been in proposed legislation for several years.

The lawmakers requesting the suspension, including both Democrats and Republicans, claim there now is "very broad bipartisan consensus" to fix the glitch. If that's the case, why hasn't the legislation been enacted? What's the holdup? It's not as though the problem came as a surprise to the present Congress. It's not as though the solution has been difficult to find, considering that legislative language to fix the problem was drafted long before the present Congress took office.

Instead, the IRS now suspends enforcement of a badly drafted law to give the Congress even more time to do something it should have done several years ago, and surely that the present Congress should have done last year. While the IRS decision is the best that can be done at the moment, it is not only disheartening to discover once again that the Congress cannot get its work done in a timely manner, it also is disturbing that a handful of federal legislators, through a letter, can have the same effect on the IRS as would properly enacted legislation. It is not healthy for the constitutional fabric of the nation to have laws administered in this manner. There are rules about how the Congress must specify to an administrative agency what it should and should not do, and administration by letter, even if generating a favorable and sensible result, does not comply with those rules.

I suppose the question can be put thusly: Is this any way to run a country or administer a tax system?

Opportunity to Restructure User Fee Philosophy?

At the beginning of the year, in Another Sip of the Drink Tax, I criticized the Allegheny County drink tax, which is imposed to defray deficits in the operating budget of the Port Authority Transit system in the Pittsburgh area. My concern is that user fees ought not be imposed on one activity to support the cost of another activity, unless there is some evidence demonstrating that the former activity imposes a burden on the latter activity. As I noted in my earlier post:

As I pointed out not too long ago in User Fees and Costs, my view of user fees is that they should pay for the costs tied to the use on which they are imposed, including costs that arise from the impact of the use on related activities. Thus, as I pointed out, it makes sense to use tolls from use of a particular highway not only to maintain that highway, but also to alleviate the costs incurred by neighboring towns on account of the traffic using the toll highway. It does not make sense, I pointed out, to set the user fee high enough so that the revenue can also be used for some unrelated function in some distant place. As I explained in When User Fees Exceed Costs: What to Do?, "user fees ought not be diverted to unrelated disconnected activities."

Not surprisingly, Pittsburgh area taxpayers, including restaurant owners and pub operators, tried to obtain a stay of enforcement but it was denied.

Now comes bad news for a group that is trying to reduce the tax from 10 percent to one-half of one percent. Friends Against Counterproductive Taxation attempted to put a referendum on the ballot that would require that outcome. However, according to this story, the Allegheny County solicitor has ruled that the referendum does not qualify for the ballot. Did the group obtain insufficient signatures? No. Did the group use invalid signatures? Apparently not. So what is the flaw in its attempt to resort to the democratic process to resolve an issue? It did not provide for another source of revenue to replace the portion of the drink tax it seeks to have repealed, something that the solicitor explains is required by the county's home rule charter. On the other hand, the solicitor approved a referendum offered by political insiders, namley, county council, that gives voters the option to jettison the drink tax if they support an increase in property taxes. Does it seem to anyone that this is a matter of a "once we start collecting a user fee we won't give up the revenue" approach? It is somewhat baffling that no one appears to have focused on user fees that relate to the funding deficit. The transportation system struggles to break even because it has insufficient revenue to fund its services to the point that it would encourage people driving into center city to leave their vehicles in outlying park-and-ride lots and to use public transit. The logical revenue source is a congestion charge such as the one used in London and other cities, or a mileage-based user fee that imposes a tax on miles driven within the affected area. I alluded to this approach in Another Sip of the Drink Tax:

If there is any logic, the tax should be levied on those using the system, and if their economic position precludes imposing enough user fee (in the form of fares), then it could be argued that a fee should be imposed on the system's competition, namely, the private vehicle. However, most users of private vehicles who are in town during the evening use their vehicles because they find public transit to be inconvenient, sometimes unsafe, and inefficient. It's not just drinkers who drive into town. So, too, do movie-goers, for example. A sufficiently high user fee on private vehicles would bring more riders, and thus more revenue, to public transit. However, would it bring enough of a ridership increase so that the public transit could add more trips to the schedule, shorten the length of trips, or take people from where they are to where they want to be?

Friends Against Counterproductive Taxation plans to appeal if the elections panel accepts the solicitor's conclusions. Hopefully, somewhere along the line, the group finds a way to get this question in front of the citizenry. Perhaps it can propose a congestion charge or mileage-based fee. I wish the group success because something about its name appeals to me. Those who founded the group were thinking along the lines I was when, in Another Sip of the Drink Tax, I explained why the tax could be counterproductive:

The drink tax may have the effect of discouraging people from going into town to have a drink. If, somehow, an exception is carved out for establishments not in center city, as the Governor prefers, even more people would remain closer to home. The drink tax would not bring in the anticipated revenue. What then? Increase the drink tax and discourage still more people to stay home?

We can only hope that this one tax in one county in one state can trigger reformation of how legislators think about revenue, user fees, and taxation.

Proposed Tax Credit: Noble Concept, Practical Problems

Back in March, I shared some thoughts on Barack Obama's proposal to "establish a new American Opportunity Tax Credit that is worth $4,000 a year in exchange for 100 hours of public service a year." In Does It Make Sense to Overload the IRS and the Tax Code? , I questioned whether volunteer service is genuinely volunteer service if the person who performs the service is compensated in some way. I also questioned the wisdom of using the tax code for something that is not a revenue issue.

Now that this proposal has elevated from being the idea of a primary candidate to being a proposal of a nominee for President, it makes sense to look at it again. Of the various tax proposals advanced by Obama, this was one of the few that was referenced, in a conceptual way, in his acceptance speech, so surely it will receive more attention and attract more effort if he is elected.

Two more issues floated through my brain when I heard the reference to the credit proposal. One is substantive. The other is administrative.

The credit is, in effect, a payment for performing services. It might be a good guess to predict that, as is generally the case, the recipient would not be required to report the credit as gross income for federal income tax purposes. But what happens with respect to state and local taxes? Though it is possible for states to mimic the credit, it is unlikely that they will do so. Is the credit within the definition of compensation for state and local tax purposes? For states that use federal taxable income as a starting point in the computation of state income tax liability, is the credit one of those items excluded from federal gross income that must be added back to state taxable income? In the several states, such as Pennsylvania, that do not use federal taxable income or a similar base as the starting point for the computation of state income tax liability, does the credit constitute wages? It would appear to fit the definition because it is an amount received in exchange for performing services. I wonder if state legislatures will consider and then react to this issue if the American Opportunity Tax Credit becomes law.

If the proposed credit becomes law, how will it be administered? Will the taxpayer simply check a box that says "Check here if you performed 100 hours of public service in 2009"? Yes, returns are signed under penalties of perjury, but consider what the earned income tax credit brought us. Will the taxpayer be required to list the organizations for which the service was performed? Will the taxpayer be permitted to write something along the lines of "picked up litter in neighborhood park every Saturday for 1 hour"? Will the taxpayer be required to obtain letters or other documents from a supervising agency? Will the taxpayer be required to attach those documents to the return? Will states and localities be compelled to organize entities to issue those documents, thus formalizing what now transpires as informal contributions of time to public service endeavors? Will those entities be required to register with the IRS as "credit worthy public service coordination organizations"? Will the credit be limited to people "of college age," whatever that means? Will it be limited to people enrolled in college? Will it also be available to people planning to attend college, considering that until they receive the credit they may not be ready, financially, to attend? Will checking a box "plan to attend college" be sufficient? Will the IRS shift some portion of its work force to auditing the taxpayer claims of performing public service? Will the IRS follow up to see if the person who checked the "planning to attend college" box actually attended? Will "college" include trade school, graduate school, adult community education, night school, and similar non-traditional academic pursuits? Surely there are more questions.

The proposal is a wonderful example of the divide between theory and practice. In theory, the proposal has much to offer. Let's find a way to help people get the education they need to better themselves, while impressing upon them the value of public service. In practice, administration of the proposal could be a nightmare. The devil is always in the details, and the arguments almost always turn on the nuances.

Is there a better way to attain the same objective? That is today's question.

User Fees as Law Enforcement Device?

I would not be surprised if someone takes this story and adds it to a collection of "stupid criminal" stories, such as the Country-Fried Bull Stupid Criminals Page But for me, it's an interesting insight into the impact of user fees on issues other than defraying costs.

According to Work-release Fugitive Gets Tagged for Being Cheap, a story with a headline that takes a pun award, a fellow who had escaped from a work-release program was caught when he failed to purchase a beach tag in Se Isle City, New Jersey. People who live at or near the Jersey shore, or who travel to those beaches, are not only aware of the beach tag fees but have had far more to say about them than I could fit into thousands of blog posts. The argument that "beaches should be free" runs up against the truth, namely, beaches are not free if the people using them want them to be clean, appreciate the presence of lifeguards, and pine for replenishment when storms wash out the sands. Most beach fees are fairly inexpensive, a bit higher than most bridge tolls, but usually less than what it costs to buy the gasoline used to drive to the shore from the Philadelphia or New York metropolitan areas. Most of the few people who are approached by "tag checkers" for not wearing the proof of having paid the fee are either individuals who somehow miss all the signs or who absent-mindedly leave their tags at their beach house before heading across the dunes. Though it wouldn't surprise me if an occasional protester went onto the beach without a tag in support of a "Beaches without Taxation" philosophy, I haven't seen or read any stories about such activities.

So what is surprising is the refusal of the escapee to pay for a beach tag when he decided to make use of the Sea Isle City beach. According to police, when he was apprehended, he had cash in his pockets, so his failure to pay the user fee wasn't a matter of economic impossibility. An investigation revealed that when he walked away from his dish washing job he went directly to the beach.

When the tag checker invited the fugitive to purchase a tag, an approach that almost always precedes any attempt to evict or apprehend the tagless visitor, he refused. The tag checker let it go, and did not even call police. But when officers arrived while searching for the prisoner, the tag checker remembered the incident, and the authorities quickly took custody of the escapee.

Had the fellow decided to visit the beach in the town where he was employed under the work-release program, he would not have had to buy a tag, because the town of Strathmere does not require tags. So perhaps the combination of heading for a tagged beach and the refusal to purchase the tag suggests that the escapee wasn't thinking clearly. Or perhaps he went to the Sea Isle City beach because he planned to meet someone there. The fact that he had previously been convicted of robbery, drug distribution, and parole violations makes it easy to conjure up all sorts of possibilities.

There's an interesting lesson in this story. Sometimes the consequences of not paying a user fee aren't quite what one would expect.